ASP.NET Core对Controller进行单元测试的完整步骤

前言

单元测试对我们的代码质量非常重要。很多同学都会对业务逻辑或者工具方法写测试用例，但是往往忽略了对controller层写单元测试。我所在的公司没见过一个对controller写过测试的。今天来演示下如果对controller进行单元测试。以下内容默认您对单元测试有所了解，比如如何mock一个接口。在这里多叨叨一句，面向接口的好处，除了能够快速的替换实现类（其实大部分接口不会有多个实现），最大的好处就是可以进行mock，可以进行单元测试。

测试action

下面的action非常简单，非常常见的一种代码。根据用户id去获取用户信息然后展示出来。下面看看如何对这个action进行测试。

  public class usercontroller : controller
  {
    private readonly iuserservice _userservice;
    public usercontroller(iuserservice userservice)
    {
      _userservice = userservice;
    }

    public iactionresult userinfo(string userid)
    {
      if (string.isnullorempty(userid))
      {
        throw new argumentnullexception(nameof(userid));
      }

      var user = _userservice.get(userid);
      return view(user);
    }
   
  }

测试代码：

 [testmethod()]
    public void userinfotest()
    {

      var userservice = new mock<iuserservice>();
      userservice.setup(s => s.get(it.isany<string>())).returns(new user());

      var ctrl = new usercontroller(userservice.object);
      //对空参数进行assert
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo(null);
      });
      //对空参数进行assert
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo("");
      });

      var result = ctrl.userinfo("1");
      assert.isnotnull(result);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(result, typeof(viewresult));
    }

我们对一个action进行测试主要的思路就是模拟各种入参，使测试代码能够到达所有的分支，并且assert输出是否为空，是否为指定的类型等。

对viewmodel进行测试

我们编写action的时候还会涉及viewmodel给视图传递数据，这部分也需要进行测试。修改测试用例，加入对viewmodel的测试代码：

 [testmethod()]
    public void userinfotest()
    {
      var userservice = new mock<iuserservice>();
      userservice.setup(s => s.get(it.isany<string>())).returns(new user()
      {
        id = "x"
      }) ;

      var ctrl = new usercontroller(userservice.object);
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo(null);
      });
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo("");
      });

      var result = ctrl.userinfo("1");
      assert.isnotnull(result);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(result, typeof(viewresult));
      //对viewmodel进行assert
      var vr = result as viewresult;
      assert.isnotnull(vr.model);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(vr.model, typeof(user));
      var user = vr.model as user;
      assert.areequal("x", user.id);
    }

对viewdata进行测试

我们编写action的时候还会涉及viewdata给视图传递数据，这部分同样需要测试。修改action代码，对viewdata进行赋值：

  public iactionresult userinfo(string userid)
    {
      if (string.isnullorempty(userid))
      {
        throw new argumentnullexception(nameof(userid));
      }

      var user = _userservice.get(userid);

      viewdata["title"] = "user_info";

      return view(user);
    }
   

修改测试用例，加入对viewdata的测试代码：

  [testmethod()]
    public void userinfotest()
    {
      var userservice = new mock<iuserservice>();
      userservice.setup(s => s.get(it.isany<string>())).returns(new user()
      {
        id = "x"
      }) ;

      var ctrl = new usercontroller(userservice.object);
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo(null);
      });
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo("");
      });

      var result = ctrl.userinfo("1");
      assert.isnotnull(result);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(result, typeof(viewresult));

      var vr = result as viewresult;
      assert.isnotnull(vr.model);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(vr.model, typeof(user));
      var user = vr.model as user;
      assert.areequal("x", user.id);
      //对viewdata进行assert
      assert.istrue(vr.viewdata.containskey("title"));
      var title = vr.viewdata["title"];
      assert.areequal("user_info", title);
    }

对viewbag进行测试

因为viewbag事实上是viewdata的dynamic类型的包装，所以action代码不用改，可以直接对viewbag进行测试：

   [testmethod()]
    public void userinfotest()
    {
      var userservice = new mock<iuserservice>();
      userservice.setup(s => s.get(it.isany<string>())).returns(new user()
      {
        id = "x"
      }) ;

      var ctrl = new usercontroller(userservice.object);
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo(null);
      });
      assert.throwsexception<argumentnullexception>(() => {
        var result = ctrl.userinfo("");
      });

      var result = ctrl.userinfo("1");
      assert.isnotnull(result);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(result, typeof(viewresult));

      var vr = result as viewresult;
      assert.isnotnull(vr.model);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(vr.model, typeof(user));
      var user = vr.model as user;
      assert.areequal("x", user.id);

      assert.istrue(vr.viewdata.containskey("title"));
      var title = vr.viewdata["title"];
      assert.areequal("user_info", title);
      //对viewbag进行assert
      string title1 = ctrl.viewbag.title;
      assert.areequal("user_info", title1);
    }

设置httpcontext

我们编写action的时候很多时候需要调用基类里的httpcontext，比如获取request对象，获取path，获取headers等等，所以有的时候需要自己实例化httpcontext以进行测试。

  var ctrl = new accountcontroller();
  ctrl.controllercontext = new controllercontext();
  ctrl.controllercontext.httpcontext = new defaulthttpcontext();

对httpcontext.signinasync进行mock

我们使用asp.net core框架进行登录认证的时候，往往使用httpcontext.signinasync进行认证授权，所以单元测试的时候也需要进行mock。下面是一个典型的登录action，对密码进行认证后调用signinasync在客户端生成登录凭证，否则跳到登录失败页面。

  public async task<iactionresult> login(string password)
    {
      if (password == "123")
      {
        var claims = new list<claim>
        {
         new claim("username","x")
        };
        var authproperties = new authenticationproperties
        {
        };
        var claimsidentity = new claimsidentity(
         claims, cookieauthenticationdefaults.authenticationscheme);
        await httpcontext.signinasync(
          cookieauthenticationdefaults.authenticationscheme,
          new claimsprincipal(claimsidentity),
          authproperties);
        return redirect("login_success");
      }

      return redirect("login_fail");
    }

httpcontext.signinasync其实个时扩展方法，signinasync其实最终是调用了iauthenticationservice里的signinasync方法。所以我们需要mock的就是iauthenticationservice接口，否者代码走到httpcontext.signinasync会提示找不到iauthenticationservice的service。而iauthenticationservice本身是通过iserviceprovider注入到程序里的，所以同时需要mock接口iserviceprovider。

  [testmethod()]
    public async task logintest()
    {
      var ctrl = new accountcontroller();

      var authenticationservice = new mock<iauthenticationservice>();
      var sp = new mock<iserviceprovider>();
      sp.setup(s => s.getservice(typeof(iauthenticationservice)))
        .returns(() => {
          return authenticationservice.object;
        });
      ctrl.controllercontext = new controllercontext();
      ctrl.controllercontext.httpcontext = new defaulthttpcontext();
      ctrl.controllercontext.httpcontext.requestservices = sp.object;

      var result = await ctrl.login("123");
      assert.isnotnull(result);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(result, typeof(redirectresult));
      var rr = result as redirectresult;
      assert.areequal("login_success", rr.url);

      result = await ctrl.login("1");
      assert.isnotnull(result);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(result, typeof(redirectresult));
      rr = result as redirectresult;
      assert.areequal("login_fail", rr.url);
    }

对httpcontext.authenticateasync进行mock

httpcontext.authenticateasync同样比较常用。这个扩展方法同样是在iauthenticationservice里，所以测试代码跟上面的signinasync类似，只是需要对authenticateasync继续mock返回值success or fail。

   public async task<iactionresult> login()
    {
      if ((await httpcontext.authenticateasync()).succeeded)
      {
        return redirect("/home");
      }

      return redirect("/login");
    }

测试用例：

    [testmethod()]
    public async task logintest1()
    {
      var authenticationservice = new mock<iauthenticationservice>();
      //设置authenticateasync为success
      authenticationservice.setup(s => s.authenticateasync(it.isany<httpcontext>(), it.isany<string>()))
        .returnsasync(authenticateresult.success(new authenticationticket(new system.security.claims.claimsprincipal(), "")));
      var sp = new mock<iserviceprovider>();
      sp.setup(s => s.getservice(typeof(iauthenticationservice)))
        .returns(() => {
          return authenticationservice.object;
        });

      var ctrl = new accountcontroller();
      ctrl.controllercontext = new controllercontext();
      ctrl.controllercontext.httpcontext = new defaulthttpcontext();
      ctrl.controllercontext.httpcontext.requestservices = sp.object;

      var act = await ctrl.login();
      assert.isnotnull(act);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(act, typeof(redirectresult));
      var rd = act as redirectresult;
      assert.areequal("/home", rd.url);
      //设置authenticateasync为fail
      authenticationservice.setup(s => s.authenticateasync(it.isany<httpcontext>(), it.isany<string>()))
        .returnsasync(authenticateresult.fail(""));

      act = await ctrl.login();
      assert.isnotnull(act);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(act, typeof(redirectresult));
      rd = act as redirectresult;
      assert.areequal("/login", rd.url);

    }

filter进行测试

我们写controller的时候往往需要配合很多filter使用，所以filter的测试也很重要。下面演示下如何对fitler进行测试。

  public class myfilter: actionfilterattribute
  {
    public override void onactionexecuting(actionexecutingcontext context)
    {
      if (context.httpcontext.request.path.value.contains("/abc/"))
      {
        context.result = new contentresult() {
          content = "拒绝访问"
        };
      }

      base.onactionexecuting(context);
    }
  }

对filter的测试最主要的是模拟actionexecutingcontext参数，以及其中的httpcontext等，然后对预期进行assert。

    [testmethod()]
    public void onactionexecutingtest()
    {
      var filter = new myfilter();
      var actcontext = new actioncontext(new defaulthttpcontext(),new routedata(), new actiondescriptor());
      actcontext.httpcontext.request.path = "/abc/123";
      var listfilters = new list<ifiltermetadata>();
      var argdict = new dictionary<string, object>();
      var actexcontext = new actionexecutingcontext(
        actcontext ,
        listfilters ,
        argdict ,
        new accountcontroller()
        );
       filter.onactionexecuting(actexcontext);

      assert.isnotnull(actexcontext.result);
      assert.isinstanceoftype(actexcontext.result, typeof(contentresult));
      var cr = actexcontext.result as contentresult;
      assert.areequal("拒绝访问", cr.content);

      actcontext = new actioncontext(new defaulthttpcontext(), new routedata(), new actiondescriptor());
      actcontext.httpcontext.request.path = "/1/123";
      listfilters = new list<ifiltermetadata>();
      argdict = new dictionary<string, object>();
      actexcontext = new actionexecutingcontext(
        actcontext,
        listfilters,
        argdict,
        new accountcontroller()
        );
      filter.onactionexecuting(actexcontext);
      assert.isnull(actexcontext.result);
    }

总结

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