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X.509 v3证书示例 503ca证书加密安全 

程序员文章站 2022-05-16 11:46:19
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大多数普通用途的证书基于 X.509 v3 证书标准。

一步一步 搞定RSA(公钥、私钥)

X.509 v3证书数据结构如下:
  Certificate证书
  Version 版本
  Serial Number 序列号
  Algorithm ID 算法标识
  Issuer 颁发者
  Validity 有效期
  Not Before 有效起始日期
  Not After 有效终止日期
  Subject 使用者
  Subject Public Key Info 使用者公钥信息
  Public Key Algorithm 公钥算法
  Subject Public Key 公钥
  Issuer Unique Identifier (Optional) 颁发者唯一标识
  Subject Unique Identifier (Optional) 使用者唯一标识
  Extensions (Optional) 扩展
  ...
  Certificate Signature Algorithm 证书签名算法
  Certificate Signature 证书签名
数字签名
  H--Hash计算
  E--加密计算
  D--解密计算
  在签发者处,首先求出传递消息Info的HASH值,然后用私钥Private Key对Hash值做加密,然后将传递消息原文Info和经过加密的HASH值一起发给接受者,接受者首先用签发者的公钥揭开密码,然后对收到的Info原文计算HASH值,然后比对是否相对,如果相同,则认证成功。
证书扩展文件名
  .cer, .crt - 通常被用于二进制的DER文件格式 (同于.der), 不过也被用于Base64编码的文件 (例如 .pem).
  .P7B - 同于 .p7c
  .P7C - PKCS#7证书格式,仅仅包含证书和CRL列表信息,没有私钥。
  .PFX - 同于 .p12
  .P12 - PKCS#12文件, 包含证书(公钥)和私钥(受密码保护),已经完整的证书链信。
  PKCS#7 是一种将数据加密和签名(正式名称是“enveloping”)的技术标准。 它描述数字证书的语法和其他加密消息——尤其是,数据加密和数字签名的方法,也包含了算法。但PKCS#7不包含私钥信息。
  PKCS#12 定义了一个用于保存私钥和对应公钥证书的文件格式,并由对称密钥加密保护。PKCS#12通常采用PFX,P12作为文件扩展名。 PKCS#12文件可以存放多个证书,并由密码保护,通常用于WINDOWS IIS,也能够被当作Java Keysotre文件使用,用于Tomcat,Resign,Weblogic,Jboss等,不能被用于Apache.
X.509证书示例
  以下是一个颁发给login.yahoo的X.509证书解码的案例,文件的实际大小大约是1KB字节。这个证书是由GeoTrust(现在已经被Verisign收购)签发。所以在签发者栏目中,可以看到“Equifax Secure Certificate Authority” (这家已经被Geotrust收购,目前Geotrust所有的证书都由这个根证书签发)。在使用者(Subject)中包含多条信息,不过最重要的是通用名(Common Name, CN),因为这个部分是用来和网站的域名相匹配的,同时也包含了RSA的公钥以及Geotrust的签名,目前所有的SSL证书都采用SHA1 HASH算法计算特征值。
  Certificate:
  Data:
  Version: 3 (0x2)
  Serial Number: 368716 (0x5a04c)
  Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
  Issuer:C=US,O=Equifax,
  OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
  Validity
  Not Before: Jan 4 17:09:06 2006 GMT
  Not After : Jan 4 17:09:06 2011 GMT
  Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=Santa Clara,
  O=Yahoo! Inc., OU=Yahoo, CN=login.yahoo
  Subject Public Key Info:
  Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
  RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
  Modulus (1024 bit):
  00:b5:6c:4f:ee:ef:1b:04:5d:be:70:4a:d8:55:1d:
  8a:77:0d:c1:45:00:f5:3b:1a:10:dd:d7:f7:bb:7a:
  65:54:7f:60:d2:16:bb:bd:12:a5:78:78:d6:b3:50:
  4e:ba:17:48:27:7a:22:6f:2a:7c:1d:a2:36:22:d8:
  59:a2:ae:3a:0b:d4:d2:1b:8a:0e:5a:89:a9:e4:9a:
  ff:db:3f:04:e2:9b:75:c1:8d:c5:8c:05:a1:f3:b5:
  92:5e:a1:44:49:19:e4:90:b4:e9:ef:e4:5d:b2:20:
  6d:f9:23:76:b8:b2:d4:af:a3:06:f5:9e:03:8f:b8:
  82:05:21:11:25:44:3a:80:05
  Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
  X509v3 extensions:
  X509v3 Key Usage: critical
  Digital Signature, Non Repudiation,
  Key Encipherment,Data Encipherment
  X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
  A0:1E:6E:0C:9B:6E:6A:EB:D2:AE:5A:4A:18:FF:0E:93:
  46:1A:D6:32
  X509v3 CRL Distribution Points:
  URI:http://crl.geotrust/crls/secureca.crl
  X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
  keyid:48:E6:68:F9:2B:D2:B2:95:D7:47:D8:23:20:10:
  4F:33:98:90:9F:D4
  X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
  TLS Web Server Authentication,
  TLS Web Client Authentication
  Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
  50:25:65:10:43:e1:74:83:2f:8f:9c:9e:dc:74:64:4e:71:27:
  4e:2a:6e:4a:12:7b:4c:41:2e:61:4a:11:0b:41:a6:b1:52:cb:
  13:76:b6:45:e4:8d:d4:00:9a:3b:02:c7:82:29:01:a3:ee:7d:
  f7:b9:02:88:9d:3e:c3:1c:e6:3d:d3:90:fc:9c:56:db:19:9d:
  ab:a8:03:80:7d:c4:e2:c4:09:33:9e:58:5b:77:37:89:59:a3:
  86:8e:a1:df:b3:bb:02:ed:21:62:fb:ba:c2:ba:e8:d4:8f:66:
  c1:a5:5f:ad:f9:3f:cf:22:9b:17:57:a0:ca:28:c6:76:03:a4:
  c4:e7
  为了验证这个证书,需要用这个证书签发者的根证书(Geotrust的Equifax Secure Certificate Authority)。由于这个证书是用Geotrust的根证书的私钥来签名的,所以我们可以用Geotrust的公钥来对证书的SHA1哈希值进行解码,然后验证解码后的哈希值是否和证书的哈希值一致。以下是Geotrust根证书的样例:
  Certificate:
  Data:
  Version: 3 (0x2)
  Serial Number: 903804111 (0x35def4cf)
  Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
  Issuer:C=US,O=Equifax,
  OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
  Validity
  Not Before: Aug 22 16:41:51 1998 GMT
  Not After : Aug 22 16:41:51 2018 GMT
  Subject:C=US,O=Equifax,
  OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
  Subject Public Key Info:
  Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
  RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
  Modulus (1024 bit):
  00:c1:5d:b1:58:67:08:62:ee:a0:9a:2d:1f:08:6d:
  91:14:68:98:0a:1e:fe:da:04:6f:13:84:62:21:c3:
  d1:7c:ce:9f:05:e0:b8:01:f0:4e:34:ec:e2:8a:95:
  04:64:ac:f1:6b:53:5f:05:b3:cb:67:80:bf:42:02:
  8e:fe:dd:01:09:ec:e1:00:14:4f:fc:fb:f0:0c:dd:
  43:ba:5b:2b:e1:1f:80:70:99:15:57:93:16:f1:0f:
  97:6a:b7:c2:68:23:1c:cc:4d:59:30:ac:51:1e:3b:
  af:2b:d6:ee:63:45:7b:c5:d9:5f:50:d2:e3:50:0f:
  3a:88:e7:bf:14:fd:e0:c7:b9
  Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
  X509v3 extensions:
  X509v3 CRL Distribution Points:
  DirName:/C=US/O=Equifax
  /OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority/CN=CRL1
  X509v3 Private Key Usage Period:
  Not After: Aug 22 16:41:51 2018 GMT
  X509v3 Key Usage:
  Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
  X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
  keyid:48:E6:68:F9:2B:D2:B2:95:D7:47:D8:23:20:10:
  4F:33:98:90:9F:D4
  X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
  48:E6:68:F9:2B:D2:B2:95:D7:47:D8:23:20:10:4F:33:
  98:90:9F:D4
  X509v3 Basic Constraints:
  CA:TRUE
  1.2.840.113533.7.65.0:
  0...V3.0c....
  Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
  58:ce:29:ea:fc:f7:de:b5:ce:02:b9:17:b5:85:d1:b9:e3:e0:
  95:cc:25:31:0d:00:a6:92:6e:7f:b6:92:63:9e:50:95:d1:9a:
  6f:e4:11:de:63:85:6e:98:ee:a8:ff:5a:c8:d3:55:b2:66:71:
  57:de:c0:21:eb:3d:2a:a7:23:49:01:04:86:42:7b:fc:ee:7f:
  a2:16:52:b5:67:67:d3:40:db:3b:26:58:b2:28:77:3d:ae:14:
  77:61:d6:fa:2a:66:27:a0:0d:fa:a7:73:5c:ea:70:f1:94:21:
  65:44:5f:fa:fc:ef:29:68:a9:a2:87:79:ef:79:ef:4f:ac:07:
  77:38
  如果签发证书的根证书,在浏览器的根信任列表中,浏览器就会主动识别该证书是安全的,反之,浏览器就会提出一个警告。GeoTrust的根证书已经被全球所有主要浏览器:Internet Explorer, Netscape ,Mozila ,Opera, Firefox, Safari安装在缺省的信任根证书列表中,GeoTrust签发的证书被广泛的信任和接受。