JPA - 双向多对一映射
双向多对一关系中,必须存在一个关系维护端,在 JPA 规范中,要求 many 的一方作为关系的维护端(owner side), one 的一方作为被维护端(inverse side)。
可以在 one 方指定 @OneToMany 注释并设置 mappedBy 属性,以指定它是这一关联中的被维护端,many 为维护端。
在 many 方指定 @ManyToOne 注释,并使用 @JoinColumn 指定外键名称
【1】修改Order和Customer
Order:Customer = N:1。
Order如下:
@Table(name="JPA_ORDERS")
@Entity
public class Order {
private Integer id;
private String orderName;
private Customer customer;
@GeneratedValue
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="ORDER_NAME")
public String getOrderName() {
return orderName;
}
public void setOrderName(String orderName) {
this.orderName = orderName;
}
//映射单向 n-1的关联关系
//使用@ManyToOne来映射多对一的关联关系
//使用@JoinColumn 来映射外键
//可使用 @ManyToOne 的fetch 属性来修改默认的关联属性的加载策略
@JoinColumn(name="CUSTOMER_ID")
// @ManyToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
@ManyToOne(fetch=FetchType.EAGER)
public Customer getCustomer() {
return customer;
}
public void setCustomer(Customer customer) {
this.customer = customer;
}
}
Customer如下:
@NamedQuery(name="testNamedQuery", query="FROM Customer c WHERE c.id = ?")
@Cacheable(true)
@Table(name="JPA_CUTOMERS")
@Entity
public class Customer {
private Integer id;
private String lastName;
private String email;
private int age;
private Date createdTime;
private Date birth;
public Customer() {
}
public Customer(String lastName, int age) {
super();
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<>();
// @TableGenerator(name="ID_GENERATOR",
// table="jpa_id_generators",
// pkColumnName="PK_NAME",
// pkColumnValue="CUSTOMER_ID",
// valueColumnName="PK_VALUE",
// allocationSize=100)
// @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.TABLE,generator="ID_GENERATOR")
@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.AUTO)
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="LAST_NAME",length=50,nullable=false)
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public String getEmail() {
return email;
}
public void setEmail(String email) {
this.email = email;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
public Date getCreatedTime() {
return createdTime;
}
public void setCreatedTime(Date createdTime) {
this.createdTime = createdTime;
}
@Temporal(TemporalType.DATE)
public Date getBirth() {
return birth;
}
public void setBirth(Date birth) {
this.birth = birth;
}
//映射单向1-n的关联关系
//使用@OneToMany 映射单向1-n的关联关系
//使用@JoinColumn 来映射外键的名称
//可以使用@OneToMany 的 fetch 属性来修改加载策略
//可以使用@OneToMany 的 cascade 属性来修改默认的删除策略
@JoinColumn(name="CUSTOMER_ID")
@OneToMany(fetch=FetchType.EAGER,cascade={CascadeType.REMOVE})
public Set<Order> getOrders() {
return orders;
}
public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
this.orders = orders;
}
@Transient
public String getInfo(){
return "lastName: " + lastName + ", email: " + email;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Customer [id=" + id + ", lastName=" + lastName + ", email="
+ email + ", age=" + age + ", createdTime=" + createdTime
+ ", birth=" + birth + "]";
}
}
【2】双向多对一持久化操作
示例代码如下:
@Test
public void testOneToManyPersist(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(18);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("[email protected]");
customer.setLastName("MM");
Order order1 = new Order();
order1.setOrderName("O-MM-1");
Order order2 = new Order();
order2.setOrderName("O-MM-2");
//建立关联关系
customer.getOrders().add(order1);
customer.getOrders().add(order2);
order1.setCustomer(customer);
order2.setCustomer(customer);
//执行保存操作
entityManager.persist(customer);
entityManager.persist(order1);
entityManager.persist(order2);
}
这里先保存了1的一端。
控制台输出如下:
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_CUTOMERS
(age, birth, createdTime, email, LAST_NAME)
values
(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?
where
id=?
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?
where
id=?
如果先保存 n的一端呢,即先保存Order。
代码修改如下:
entityManager.persist(order1);
entityManager.persist(order2);
entityManager.persist(customer);
控制台输出如下:
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_CUTOMERS
(age, birth, createdTime, email, LAST_NAME)
values
(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?,
ORDER_NAME=?
where
id=?
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?,
ORDER_NAME=?
where
id=?
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?
where
id=?
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?
where
id=?
综上可知:
若是双向 1-n 的关联关系, 执行保存时:
-
若先保存 n 的一端, 再保存 1 的一端, 默认情况下, 会多出2n 条 UPDATE 语句;
-
若先保存 1 的一端, 则会多出 n 条 UPDATE 语句。
故在进行双向 1-n 关联关系时, 建议使用 n 的一方来维护关联关系, 而 1 的一方不维护关联系, 这样会有效的减少 SQL 语句。
即,N的一端对应的表中使用外键关联1的一端,外键对应1的一端的表主键
【3】一的一端放弃维持关联关系
修改Customer实体类如下(放弃维持关联关系):
// @JoinColumn(name="CUSTOMER_ID")
@OneToMany(fetch=FetchType.EAGER,cascade={CascadeType.REMOVE},mappedBy="customer")
public Set<Order> getOrders() {
return orders;
}
注意: 若在 1 的一端的 @OneToMany 中使用 mappedBy 属性, 则 @OneToMany 端就不能再使用 @JoinColumn 属性了。
先保存N的一端时控制台输出如下:
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_CUTOMERS
(age, birth, createdTime, email, LAST_NAME)
values
(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?,
ORDER_NAME=?
where
id=?
Hibernate:
update
JPA_ORDERS
set
CUSTOMER_ID=?,
ORDER_NAME=?
where
id=?
先保存1 的一端时控制台输出如下:
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_CUTOMERS
(age, birth, createdTime, email, LAST_NAME)
values
(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
Hibernate:
insert
into
JPA_ORDERS
(CUSTOMER_ID, ORDER_NAME)
values
(?, ?)
在一的一端放弃维持关联关系时,先插入n的一端,会多出n条update语句;先保存一的一端时只有n+1条insert语句!
综上,多对一持久化操作时,建议由一的一端放弃维持关联关系,多的一端维持关联关系。保存时先保存1的一端,这样减少SQL执行,提高效率。
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