OkHttp之Recipe

我们写了一些方法来示例如果使用OkHttp来解决常见问题。通读它们了解它们是如何一起工作的。随意地进行复制、粘贴，这是它们存在的目的。

Synchronous Get

下载一个文件，打印它的头，并将其响应主体以字符串形式打印。

作用在响应主体上的string()方法对于小文档来说是方便和高效的。但是如果响应主体比较大(大于1MB)，避免使用string()，因为它会加载整个文档到内存中。在这种情况下，优先使用stream来处理主体。

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
    for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) {
      System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
    }

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Asynchronous Get

在一个工作线程下载一个文件，当响应可读时获取回调。这个回调将在响应头准备好时执行。读取响应主体可能仍然阻塞。OkHttp当前没有提供异步API来局部地接收响应主体。

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
      @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
      }

      @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
        if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

        Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
        for (int i = 0, size = responseHeaders.size(); i < size; i++) {
          System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
        }

        System.out.println(response.body().string());
      }
    });
  }

Accessing Headers

典型的HTTP头工作起来像一个Map< String, String >，每一个字段有一个值或没有值。但是有一些头允许多个值，像Guava的Multimap。对于一个HTTP响应来应用多个Vary头是合法的并且常见的。OkHttp的API试图兼容这些情况。

当写请求头时，使用header(name, value)的方式来设置唯一出现的键值。如果已有值，会在新值添加前移除已有值。使用addHeader(name, value)来添加一个头而不移除已经存在的头。

当读取一个响应头时，使用header(name)来返回最后一次出现的键值对。通常这是唯一出现的键值对。如果不存在值，header(name)会返回null。使用headers(name)来用一个list读取一个字段的所有值。

使用支持按索引访问的Headers类来访问所有的头。

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues")
        .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java")
        .addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5")
        .addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server"));
    System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date"));
    System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary"));
  }

Posting a String

使用HTTP POST来发送请求主体到服务器。这个例子上传了一个markdown文档到一个用HTML渲染markdown的服务器中。因为整个请求主体同时存在内存中，避免使用这个API上传大的文档(大于1MB)。

  public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    String postBody = ""
        + "Releases\n"
        + "--------\n"
        + "\n"
        + " * _1.0_ May 6, 2013\n"
        + " * _1.1_ June 15, 2013\n"
        + " * _1.2_ August 11, 2013\n";

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postBody))
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting Streamimg

这里以stream的形式上传请求主体。请求主体的内容如它写入的进行生成。这个示例stream直接放入到了Okio缓存sink中。你的程序可能需要一个OutputStream，你可以从BufferedSink.outputStream()中获取。

public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() {
      @Override public MediaType contentType() {
        return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN;
      }

      @Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException {
        sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n");
        sink.writeUtf8("-------\n");
        for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) {
          sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i)));
        }
      }

      private String factor(int n) {
        for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {
          int x = n / i;
          if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " × " + i;
        }
        return Integer.toString(n);
      }
    };

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(requestBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting a File

使用文件作为请求主体很容易。

public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    File file = new File("README.md");

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file))
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting form parameters

使用FormBody.Builder来构建一个工作起来像HTML< form >标签的请求主体。键值对会使用一个兼容HTML form的URL编码进行编码。

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder()
        .add("search", "Jurassic Park")
        .build();
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php")
        .post(formBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting a multipart request

MultipartBody.Builder可以构造复杂的请求主体与HTML文件上传表单兼容。multipart请求主体的每部分本身就是一个请求主体，可以定义它自己的头。如果存在自己的头，那么这些头应该描述部分主体，例如它的Content-Disposition。Content-Length和Content-Type会在其可用时自动添加。

private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "...";
  private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    // Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image
    RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
        .setType(MultipartBody.FORM)
        .addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo")
        .addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png",
            RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png")))
        .build();

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID)
        .url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image")
        .post(requestBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Parse a JSON Response With Gson

Gson是一个便利API来实现JSON和Java对象之间的转化。这里我们使用它来解码来自GitHub API的JSON响应。

ResponseBody.charStream()使用响应头Content-Type来确定在解码响应主体时使用哪个字符集。如果没有指定字符集，则默认使用UTF-8.

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
  private final Gson gson = new Gson();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be")
        .build();
    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class);
    for (Map.Entry entry : gist.files.entrySet()) {
      System.out.println(entry.getKey());
      System.out.println(entry.getValue().content);
    }
  }

  static class Gist {
    Map files;
  }

  static class GistFile {
    String content;
  }

Response Caching

要缓存响应，你需要一个进行读取和写入的缓存目录，以及一个缓存大小的限制。缓存目录应该是私有的，且不被信任的应用不能够读取它的内容。

让多个缓存同时访问相同的混存目录是错误的。大多数应用应该只调用一次new OkHttpClient()，配置它们的缓存，并在所有地方使用相同的实例。否则两个缓存实例会相互进行干涉，腐朽响应缓存，有可能造成你的程序崩溃。

响应缓存使用HTTP头进行所有配置。你可以添加像Cache-Control:max-stale=3600这样的请求头并且OkHttp的缓存会尊重它们。你的服务器使用自己的响应头像Cache-Control:max-age=9600来配置响应缓存多久。这里有缓存头来强制一个缓存响应，强制一个网络响应，强制使用一个条件的GET来验证网络响应。

 private final OkHttpClient client;

  public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception {
    int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB
    Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize);

    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .cache(cache)
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1);

    String response1Body = response1.body().string();
    System.out.println("Response 1 response:          " + response1);
    System.out.println("Response 1 cache response:    " + response1.cacheResponse());
    System.out.println("Response 1 network response:  " + response1.networkResponse());

    Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2);

    String response2Body = response2.body().string();
    System.out.println("Response 2 response:          " + response2);
    System.out.println("Response 2 cache response:    " + response2.cacheResponse());
    System.out.println("Response 2 network response:  " + response2.networkResponse());

    System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body));
  }

使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK来阻止响应使用缓存。使用CacheContril.FORCE_CACHE来阻止使用网络。注意：如果你使用FORCE_CACHE且响应需要网络，OkHttp会返回一个504 Unsatisfiable Request响应。

Canceling a Call

使用Call.cancel()来立即停止一个正在进行的调用。如果一个线程正在写请求或读响应，它会接收到一个IOException。当一个调用不再需要时，使用这个来节省网络，例如当用户从应用离开。同步和异步调用都可以取消。

private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
        .build();

    final long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
    final Call call = client.newCall(request);

    // Schedule a job to cancel the call in 1 second.
    executor.schedule(new Runnable() {
      @Override public void run() {
        System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
        call.cancel();
        System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
      }
    }, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

    try {
      System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
      Response response = call.execute();
      System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n",
          (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n",
          (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e);
    }
  }

Timeouts

使用超时来使调用在当另一端没有到达时失败。网络部分可能是由于连接问题，服务器可用性问题或者其他。OkHttp支持连接、读取和写入超时。

 private final OkHttpClient client;

  public ConfigureTimeouts() throws Exception {
    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    System.out.println("Response completed: " + response);
  }

Per-call Configuration

所有HTTP client配置都存在OkHttpClient中，包括代理设置，超时和缓存。当你需要改变一个单独call的配置时，调用OkHttpClient.newBuilder()。这个会返回一个builder，与原始的client共享下共同的连接池，调度器和配置。在下面的例子中，我们让一个请求有500ms的超时而另一个有3000ms的超时。

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // This URL is served with a 1 second delay.
        .build();

    try {
      // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
      OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
          .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
          .build();

      Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
      System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e);
    }

    try {
      // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
      OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
          .readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
          .build();

      Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
      System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e);
    }
  }

Handing authentication

OkHttp会自动重试未认证请求。当一个响应为401 Not Authorized时，会要求Authenticator来应用证书。Authenticator的实现应该构建一个包含缺失证书的新请求。如果没有证书可用，返回null来跳过重试。

使用Response.challenges()来获取所有认证挑战的模式和领域。当完成一个Basic挑战时，使用Credentials.basic(username，password)来编码请求头。

  private final OkHttpClient client;

  public Authenticate() {
    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .authenticator(new Authenticator() {
          @Override public Request authenticate(Route route, Response response) throws IOException {
            System.out.println("Authenticating for response: " + response);
            System.out.println("Challenges: " + response.challenges());
            String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1");
            return response.request().newBuilder()
                .header("Authorization", credential)
                .build();
          }
        })
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

为了避免当认证无法工作时过多的尝试，你可以返回null来放弃。例如，当这些明确的证书已经尝试过了，你可能想跳过。

  if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) {
    return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don't retry.
   }

你可能也想在达到应用定义的尝试限制次数时跳过尝试：

if (respondseCount(response) >= 3) {
    return null; // If we've failed 3 times, give up.
  }

上面的代码依赖这个responseCount()方法：

private int responseCount(Response response) {
    int result = 1;
    while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) {
      result++;
    }
    return result;
  }