Nginx 全实践

程序员文章站 2022-03-05 10:26:17

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实验环境

四台 VMWare Workstation 虚拟机：

node105：作为测试访问的客户端，以及进行 Tengine 相关实验；
node106：Nginx实验，并作为七层反向代理及四层负载均衡；
node107和node108：作为后端服务器，安装web应用（httpd/nginx和php-fpm）、MySQL和Redis；

Nginx 全实践

一：Nginx 安装

1.1：Nginx yum 安装

1.1.1：安装 epel 源

安装 epel 源：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install epel-release -y

查看 epel 仓库中的 Nginx 版本：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum info nginx
Available Packages
Name        : nginx
Arch        : x86_64
Epoch       : 1
Version     : 1.16.1
Release     : 3.el7
Size        : 563 k
Repo        : epel/x86_64
Summary     : A high performance web server and reverse proxy server
URL         : http://nginx.org/
License     : BSD
Description : Nginx is a web server and a reverse proxy server for HTTP, SMTP, POP3 and
            : IMAP protocols, with a strong focus on high concurrency, performance and low
            : memory usage.

1.1.2：安装 Nginx

安装：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install nginx -y

1.1.3：验证安装

查看生成文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# rpm -ql nginx
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf.default
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/koi-utf
/etc/nginx/koi-win
/etc/nginx/mime.types
/etc/nginx/mime.types.default
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf.default
/etc/nginx/scgi_params
/etc/nginx/scgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/win-utf
/usr/bin/nginx-upgrade
/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
/usr/lib64/nginx/modules
/usr/sbin/nginx
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/CHANGES
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/README
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/README.dynamic
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/UPGRADE-NOTES-1.6-to-1.10
/usr/share/licenses/nginx-1.16.1
/usr/share/licenses/nginx-1.16.1/LICENSE
/usr/share/man/man3/nginx.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/nginx-upgrade.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/nginx.8.gz
/usr/share/nginx/html/404.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/50x.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/en-US
/usr/share/nginx/html/icons
/usr/share/nginx/html/icons/poweredby.png
/usr/share/nginx/html/img
/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/nginx-logo.png
/usr/share/nginx/html/poweredby.png
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/ftdetect/nginx.vim
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/ftplugin/nginx.vim
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/indent/nginx.vim
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/syntax/nginx.vim
/var/lib/nginx
/var/lib/nginx/tmp
/var/log/nginx

查看 nginx 命令帮助：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -h
nginx version: nginx/1.16.1
Usage: nginx [-?hvVtTq] [-s signal] [-c filename] [-p prefix] [-g directives]

Options:
  -?,-h         : this help
  -v            : show version and exit
  -V            : show version and configure options then exit
  -t            : test configuration and exit
  -T            : test configuration, dump it and exit
  -q            : suppress non-error messages during configuration testing
  -s signal     : send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen, reload
  -p prefix     : set prefix path (default: /usr/share/nginx/)
  -c filename   : set configuration file (default: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf)
  -g directives : set global directives out of configuration file

验证 nginx 配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

查看 nginx 版本及配置信息：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.16.1
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.1.1c FIPS  28 May 2019 (running with OpenSSL 1.1.1g FIPS  21 Apr 2020)
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/share/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/client_body --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/proxy --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/fastcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/uwsgi --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/scgi --pid-path=/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/run/lock/subsys/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-ipv6 --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module=dynamic --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_perl_module=dynamic --with-http_auth_request_module --with-mail=dynamic --with-mail_ssl_module --with-pcre --with-pcre-jit --with-stream=dynamic --with-stream_ssl_module --with-google_perftools_module --with-debug --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld -Wl,-E'

查看 nginx 启动脚本：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target

[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/run/nginx.pid
# Nginx will fail to start if /run/nginx.pid already exists but has the wrong
# SELinux context. This might happen when running `nginx -t` from the cmdline.
# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1268621
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
KillSignal=SIGQUIT
TimeoutStopSec=5
KillMode=process
PrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

1.1.4：Nginx 默认配置

[aaa@qq.com ~]# grep -v "#" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf | grep -v "^$"
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;
    sendfile            on;
    tcp_nopush          on;
    tcp_nodelay         on;
    keepalive_timeout   65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type        application/octet-stream;
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    server {
        listen       80 default_server;
        listen       [::]:80 default_server;
        server_name  _;
        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
        location / {
        }
        error_page 404 /404.html;
        location = /404.html {
        }
        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
        }
    }
}

1.1.5：启动 Nginx

设置开机启动：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.

启动 Nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start nginx

查看 nginx 运行状态：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl status nginx
nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-12-02 03:53:55 CST; 7s ago
  Process: 3014 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 3010 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 3009 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 3016 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─3016 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
           └─3017 nginx: worker process

Dec 02 03:53:55 node105.yqc.com systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
Dec 02 03:53:55 node105.yqc.com nginx[3010]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
Dec 02 03:53:55 node105.yqc.com nginx[3010]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
Dec 02 03:53:55 node105.yqc.com systemd[1]: Failed to parse PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invalid argument
Dec 02 03:53:55 node105.yqc.com systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.

查看 Nginx 进程：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root       3016      1  0 03:53 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx      3017   3016  0 03:53 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process

1.1.6：访问 Nginx

Nginx 全实践

1.2：Nginx 编译安装

1.2.1：准备编译环境

安装编译基础环境以及常用工具：

yum install -y vim lrzsz tree screen psmisc lsof tcpdump wget ntpdate gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-devel pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel systemd-devel net-tools iotop bc zip unzip zlib-devel bash-completion nfs-utils automake libxml2 libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel perl perl-ExtUtils-Embed

1.2.2：下载 Nginx 源码包

Nginx 官方下载地址：https://nginx.org/en/download.html

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[aaa@qq.com src]# ll
total 1016
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1039530 Oct 19 17:33 nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz

1.2.3：解压 Nginx 源码包

[aaa@qq.com src]# tar zxvf nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz

[aaa@qq.com src]# ll nginx-1.18.0
total 768
drwxr-xr-x 6 1001 1001   4096 Dec  2 03:58 auto
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 302863 Apr 21  2020 CHANGES
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 462213 Apr 21  2020 CHANGES.ru
drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001   4096 Dec  2 03:58 conf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 1001 1001   2502 Apr 21  2020 configure
drwxr-xr-x 4 1001 1001     68 Dec  2 03:58 contrib
drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001     38 Dec  2 03:58 html
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001   1397 Apr 21  2020 LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001     20 Dec  2 03:58 man
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001     49 Apr 21  2020 README
drwxr-xr-x 9 1001 1001     84 Dec  2 03:58 src

1.2.4：生成 Makefile

这一步是检查系统环境是否符合编译安装的要求，是否支持编译参数中的模块，并根据指定的编译参数生成 Makefile 文件，为接下来的编译安装作好准备：

./configure --prefix=/apps/nginx \
  --user=nginx \
  --group=nginx \
  --with-http_ssl_module \
  --with-http_v2_module \
  --with-http_realip_module \
  --with-http_stub_status_module \
  --with-http_gzip_static_module \
  --with-pcre \
  --with-stream \
  --with-stream_ssl_module \
  --with-stream_realip_module

1.2.5：编译并安装

编译是根据 Makefile 生成安装所需的相应模块文件：

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# make

安装是创建相应目录，并将编译过程生成的模块和文件复制到相应目录：

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# make install

1.2.6：创建 Nginx 用户

创建 Nginx 用户，指定 UID 为 2000，shell 为 nologin：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# useradd -u 2000 -s /sbin/nologin nginx

验证 Nginx 用户：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# id nginx
uid=2000(nginx) gid=2000(nginx) groups=2000(nginx)

1.2.7：创建额外的配置文件目录

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /apps/nginx/conf.d
[aaa@qq.com ~]# chown nginx:nginx -R /apps/nginx/conf.d/

1.2.8：创建 nginx 软链接

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ln -sv /apps/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/bin/nginx
‘/usr/bin/nginx’ -> ‘/apps/nginx/sbin/nginx’

1.2.9：验证编译安装

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /apps/nginx/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec  2 04:18 conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   38 Dec  2 04:18 html
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    6 Dec  2 04:18 logs
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   18 Dec  2 04:18 sbin

查看 Nginx 版本及编译配置参数：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# /apps/nginx/sbin/nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.18.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips  26 Jan 2017
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/apps/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module

1.2.10：Nginx 默认配置

[aaa@qq.com ~]# grep -v "#" /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf | grep -v "^$"   
worker_processes  1;
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}
http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

1.2.11：创建 Nginx 启动脚本

编辑启动脚本：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target

[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/apps/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
# Nginx will fail to start if /run/nginx.pid already exists but has the wrong
# SELinux context. This might happen when running `nginx -t` from the cmdline.
# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1268621
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /apps/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/apps/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
ExecStart=/apps/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
KillSignal=SIGQUIT
TimeoutStopSec=5
KillMode=process
PrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

重载 systemd：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl daemon-reload

1.2.12：启动 Nginx

设置开机启动：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.

启动 Nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start nginx

查看 Nginx 运行状态：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ssytemctl status nginx
-bash: ssytemctl: command not found
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-12-02 04:27:38 CST; 12s ago
  Process: 6208 ExecStart=/apps/nginx/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 6206 ExecStartPre=/apps/nginx/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 6205 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /apps/nginx/logs/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 6210 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─6210 nginx: master process /apps/nginx/sbin/nginx
           └─6211 nginx: worker process

Dec 02 04:27:38 node106.yqc.com systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
Dec 02 04:27:38 node106.yqc.com nginx[6206]: nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
Dec 02 04:27:38 node106.yqc.com nginx[6206]: nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
Dec 02 04:27:38 node106.yqc.com systemd[1]: Failed to parse PID from file /apps/nginx/logs/nginx.pid: Invalid argument
Dec 02 04:27:38 node106.yqc.com systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.

查看 Nginx 进程：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root       6210      1  0 20:27 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /apps/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx      6211   6210  0 20:27 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process

1.2.13：访问 Nginx

Nginx 全实践

1.3：Tengine 编译安装

以下内容摘自 Tengine 官方：

Tengine是由淘宝网发起的Web服务器项目。
它在Nginx的基础上，针对大访问量网站的需求，添加了很多高级功能和特性。
Tengine的性能和稳定性已经在大型的网站如淘宝网，天猫商城等得到了很好的检验。
它的最终目标是打造一个高效、稳定、安全、易用的Web平台。

特性

继承Nginx-1.17.3的所有特性，兼容Nginx的配置；

支持HTTP的CONNECT方法，可用于正向代理场景；

支持异步OpenSSL，可使用硬件如:QAT进行HTTPS的加速与卸载；

增强相关运维、监控能力,比如异步打印日志及回滚,本地DNS缓存,内存监控等；

Stream模块支持server_name指令；

更加强大的负载均衡能力，包括一致性hash模块、会话保持模块，还可以对后端的服务器进行主动健康检查，根据服务器状态自动上线下线，以及动态解析upstream中出现的域名；

输入过滤器机制支持。通过使用这种机制Web应用防火墙的编写更为方便；

支持设置proxy、memcached、fastcgi、scgi、uwsgi在后端失败时的重试次数

动态脚本语言Lua支持。扩展功能非常高效简单；

支持按指定关键字(域名，url等)收集Tengine运行状态；

组合多个CSS、JavaScript文件的访问请求变成一个请求；

自动去除空白字符和注释从而减小页面的体积

自动根据CPU数目设置进程个数和绑定CPU亲缘性；

监控系统的负载和资源占用从而对系统进行保护；

显示对运维人员更友好的出错信息，便于定位出错机器；

更强大的防攻击（访问速度限制）模块；

更方便的命令行参数，如列出编译的模块列表、支持的指令等；

可以根据访问文件类型设置过期时间；

……

1.3.1：下载 Tengine 源码包

Tengine 官网：http://tengine.taobao.org/

本次实验采用 Tengine-2.1.2：http://tengine.taobao.org/download/tengine-2.1.2.tar.gz

[aaa@qq.com ~]# wget -O /usr/local/src/tengine-2.1.2.tar.gz http://tengine.taobao.org/download/tengine-2.1.2.tar.gz

1.3.2：解压 Tengine 源码包

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[aaa@qq.com src]# tar zxvf tengine-2.1.2.tar.gz 
[aaa@qq.com src]# ll tengine-2.1.2
total 664
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users    889 Dec 31  2015 AUTHORS.te
drwxr-xr-x 6 50469 users   4096 Dec 31  2015 auto
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users 236013 Dec 31  2015 CHANGES
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users  18359 Dec 31  2015 CHANGES.cn
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users 359556 Dec 31  2015 CHANGES.ru
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users  23875 Dec 31  2015 CHANGES.te
drwxr-xr-x 2 50469 users   4096 Dec 31  2015 conf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 50469 users   2435 Dec 31  2015 configure
drwxr-xr-x 4 50469 users    103 Dec 31  2015 contrib
drwxr-xr-x 3 50469 users     20 Dec 31  2015 docs
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users    441 Dec 31  2015 good_configure
drwxr-xr-x 2 50469 users     38 Dec 31  2015 html
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users   1676 Dec 31  2015 LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x 2 50469 users     20 Dec 31  2015 man
drwxr-xr-x 4 50469 users     53 Dec 31  2015 modules
drwxr-xr-x 3 50469 users     19 Dec 31  2015 packages
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users   3223 Dec 31  2015 README
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users   3775 Dec 31  2015 README.markdown
drwxr-xr-x 9 50469 users     82 Dec 31  2015 src
drwxr-xr-x 4 50469 users     41 Dec 31  2015 tests
-rw-r--r-- 1 50469 users     43 Dec 31  2015 THANKS.te

[aaa@qq.com src]# cd tengine-2.1.2

1.3.3：生成 Makefile

Tengine 的编译参数和 Nginx 基本相同，以下为 Tengine 特有的编译参数：

--dso-path

Set the installation directory for the DSO modules.

--dso-tool-path

Set the installation path for the dso_tool script.

--without-dso

Disable the DSO (Dynamic Shared Object) feature.

--with-jemalloc

Enable Tengine to link the jemalloc library for memory management.

--with-jemalloc=path

Set the path to the source code of the jemalloc library.

P.S.
Tengine-2.1.2 中不支持 --with-stram* 的编译参数，想必 stream 相关的功能已默认加载；

./configure --prefix=/apps/tengine \
  --user=nginx \
  --group=nginx \
  --with-http_ssl_module \
  --with-http_v2_module \
  --with-http_realip_module \
  --with-http_stub_status_module \
  --with-http_gzip_static_module \
  --with-pcre \
  --with-file-aio \
    --with-ipv6

1.3.4：编译并安装

[aaa@qq.com tengine-2.1.2]# make && make install

1.3.5：创建 nginx 软链接

Tengine 也是采用 nginx 命令，这里为了方便区分，建立的是 tengine 软链接；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ln -sv /apps/tengine/sbin/nginx /usr/bin/nginx
‘/usr/bin/nginx’ -> ‘/apps/tengine/sbin/nginx’

1.3.6：验证编译安装

查看 tengine 编译安装生成的文件目录：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /apps/tengine/
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec  5 16:52 conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   38 Dec  5 16:52 html
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec  5 16:52 include
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   22 Dec  5 16:55 logs
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    6 Dec  5 16:52 modules
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   33 Dec  5 16:52 sbin

查看 tengine 版本及编译参数：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -V
Tengine version: Tengine/2.1.2 (nginx/1.6.2)
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/apps/tengine --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-file-aio
nginx: [emerg] invalid port in resolver "fe80::1%eth0" in /apps/tengine/conf/nginx.conf:123

Tengine 有一个自动解析/etc/resolve.conf文件构造resolver的功能，但这个功能还不支持IPv6，所以解析报错：
nginx: [emerg] invalid port in resolver “fe80::1%eth0” in /apps/tengine/conf/nginx.conf:123

可以通过删除 /etc/resolv.conf 中的 nameserver fe80::1%eth0 这条 ipv6 解析条目来临时解决（重启网络后会失效）：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /etc/resolv.conf             
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 192.168.1.1
nameserver fe80::1%eth0

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 192.168.1.1

接下来 tengine 的编译参数就可以完整加载了（后续的启动也不会再报相同的错误）：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tengine -V
Tengine version: Tengine/2.1.2 (nginx/1.6.2)
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/apps/tengine --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-file-aio --with-ipv6
loaded modules:
    ngx_core_module (static)
    ngx_errlog_module (static)
    ngx_conf_module (static)
    ngx_dso_module (static)
    ngx_syslog_module (static)
    ngx_events_module (static)
    ngx_event_core_module (static)
    ngx_epoll_module (static)
    ngx_procs_module (static)
    ngx_proc_core_module (static)
    ngx_openssl_module (static)
    ngx_regex_module (static)
    ngx_http_module (static)
    ngx_http_core_module (static)
    ngx_http_log_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_module (static)
    ngx_http_v2_module (static)
    ngx_http_static_module (static)
    ngx_http_gzip_static_module (static)
    ngx_http_autoindex_module (static)
    ngx_http_index_module (static)
    ngx_http_auth_basic_module (static)
    ngx_http_access_module (static)
    ngx_http_limit_conn_module (static)
    ngx_http_limit_req_module (static)
    ngx_http_realip_module (static)
    ngx_http_geo_module (static)
    ngx_http_map_module (static)
    ngx_http_split_clients_module (static)
    ngx_http_referer_module (static)
    ngx_http_rewrite_module (static)
    ngx_http_ssl_module (static)
    ngx_http_proxy_module (static)
    ngx_http_fastcgi_module (static)
    ngx_http_uwsgi_module (static)
    ngx_http_scgi_module (static)
    ngx_http_memcached_module (static)
    ngx_http_empty_gif_module (static)
    ngx_http_browser_module (static)
    ngx_http_user_agent_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_ip_hash_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_consistent_hash_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_check_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_least_conn_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_dynamic_module (static)
    ngx_http_stub_status_module (static)
    ngx_http_write_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_header_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_chunked_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_v2_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_range_header_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_gzip_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_postpone_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_ssi_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_charset_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_userid_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_footer_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_trim_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_headers_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_upstream_session_sticky_module (static)
    ngx_http_reqstat_module (static)
    ngx_http_copy_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_range_body_filter_module (static)
    ngx_http_not_modified_filter_module (static)

1.3.7：Tengine 默认配置

[aaa@qq.com ~]# grep -v "#" /apps/tengine/conf/nginx.conf | grep -v "^$"     
worker_processes  1;
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}
http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

1.3.8：创建 Tengine 启动脚本

编辑启动脚本：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target

[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/apps/tengine/logs/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /apps/tengine/logs/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/apps/tengine/sbin/nginx -t
ExecStart=/apps/tengine/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
KillSignal=SIGQUIT
TimeoutStopSec=5
KillMode=process
PrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

重载 systemd：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl daemon-reload

1.3.9：启动 Tengine

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start nginx
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.

1.3.10：访问 Tengine

Nginx 全实践

二：Nginx 基础配置实践

2.1：server_name 配置

2.1.1：http 配置段导入 conf.d 下的配置文件

删除默认 server 配置，并为 http 配置段导入 conf.d 下的配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
http {
    ……
    include /apps/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    ……
}

重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

2.1.2：新建一个 PC 端站点

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
  }
}

检查配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备 PC 端测试页面：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/www -pv
mkdir: created directory ‘/data’
mkdir: created directory ‘/data/nginx’
mkdir: created directory ‘/data/nginx/yqc’
mkdir: created directory ‘/data/nginx/yqc/www’

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/www/index.html
PC site

访问测试

2.1.3：新建一个移动端站点

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备移动端测试页：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/wap
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/index.html
wap site

访问测试

2.2：location 匹配

2.2.1：不指定匹配方式

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;

  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /images {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
  }

  location /text {
    root /data/nginx/yqc;
  }
}

访问以 /images 开始的 URI，root 为 /data/nginx/yqc/www；
访问以 /text 开始的 URI， root 为 root /data/nginx/yqc；

准备测试页面：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/text
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/text/test.txt
test text

访问测试

http://www.yqc.com/images/ironman.jpg
http://www.yqc.com/text/test.txt

2.2.2：精确匹配

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }
  
  location = /ironman.jpg {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www/images;
  }
}

访问 http://www.yqc.com/ironman.jpg 时，root 为 /data/nginx/yqc/www/images；

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# !sys
systemctl reload nginx

验证访问
http://www.yqc.com/ironman.jpg

2.2.3：正则表达式匹配 - 区分大小写

编辑配置文件：

server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;

#  location / {
#    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
#    index index.html;
#  }

  location ~ /images/.*\.JPG {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# !sys
systemctl reload nginx

准备测试文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /data/nginx/yqc/www/images/
total 1340
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1113986 Dec  2 12:37 batman.JPG
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  254358 Dec  2 09:53 ironman.jpg

访问测试：
仅能访问大写的 JPG，而不能识别 jpg 结尾的 URI；

2.2.4：正则表达式匹配 - 不区分大小写

将上述配置改为 ~*：

server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;

#  location / {
#    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
#    index index.html;
#  }

  location ~* /images/.*\.JPG {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# !sys
systemctl reload nginx

访问测试
可以访问 jpg 结尾的图片；

2.2.5：正则表达式匹配 - 匹配 URI 起始

验证： ^~ 比 ~ 的匹配优先级高；

编辑配置文件：

server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;

#  location / {
#    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
#    index index.html;
#  }

  location ~ /images/.*\.jpg {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
  }

  location ^~ /images {
    root /data/nginx/yqc;
  }
}

准备测试图片：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/images
[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp ironman.jpg /data/nginx/yqc/images/ironman111.jpg

访问测试：
可以访问http://www.yqc.com/images/ironman111.jpg；
但不能访问http://www.yqc.com/images/ironman.jpg；
因为优先匹配location ^~ /images，而根据其中指定的 root，存在 /data/nginx/yqc/images/ironman111.jpg，但不存在 /data/nginx/yqc/images/ironman111.jpg；

2.3：Nginx 安全

2.3.1：allow/deny 访问控制

通过匹配请求的源 IP 地址，对访问进行控制；

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;

  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    allow 192.168.1.66;
    deny all;
  }
}
~

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

192.168.1.66 访问：

Nginx 全实践

192.168.1.9 访问：

Nginx 全实践

2.3.2：basic 用户认证

安装 httpd-tools，以使用 htpasswd 命令：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install httpd-tools -y

创建用户认证文件，并添加第一个认证用户：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# htpasswd -cbm /apps/nginx/conf/.htpasswd user1 123456
Adding password for user user1

添加第二个用户：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# htpasswd -bm /apps/nginx/conf/.htpasswd user2 123456 
Adding password for user user2

查看用户认证文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf/.htpasswd 
user1:$apr1$D9a1alP8$/PI5dWmw.puO6OBGcpL/F1
user2:$apr1$CLtPB5Sc$YFk83BEiQO2hLEGPyxic90

编辑 nginx 配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;

  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    auth_basic "username/password";
    auth_basic_user_file /apps/nginx/conf/.htpasswd;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

Nginx 全实践

2.3.3：limit_except

编辑配置文件

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  client_max_body_size 10m;
  client_body_buffer_size 16k;
  client_body_temp_path /data/nginx/temp 1 2 2;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location /upload {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    limit_except GET {
      allow 192.168.1.105;
      deny all;
    }
  }
}

配置：

仅允许 192.168.1.105 执行除 GET 之外的其它操作；

其他 IP 仅允许 GET（允许GET的同时意味着也允许HEAD）；

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/www/upload
[aaa@qq.com ~]# chown -R nginx:nginx /data/nginx

使用192.168.1.105 上传文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -XPUT /etc/issue http://www.yqc.com/upload
curl: (3) <url> malformed
<html>
<head><title>405 Not Allowed</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>405 Not Allowed</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.18.0</center>
</body>
</html>

405 表示Nginx已经允许 PUT 操作，但程序不支持上传功能；

使用192.168.1.111 上传文件：

aaa@qq.com:~# curl -XPUT /etc/issue http://www.yqc.com/upload
curl: (3) <url> malformed
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.18.0</center>
</body>
</html>

403 表示 PUT 被 Nginx 拒绝；

2.3.4：隐藏 Nginx 版本

更改 Nginx 源码信息：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /usr/local/src/nginx-1.18.0/src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c
static u_char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: yqc" CRLF;

重新编译安装nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl stop nginx
[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src/nginx-1.18.0/

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# ./configure \
--prefix=/apps/nginx \
--user=nginx --group=nginx \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_v2_module \
--with-http_realip_module \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-pcre \
--with-stream \
--with-stream_ssl_module \
--with-stream_realip_module \
--add-module=/usr/local/src/echo-nginx-module

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# make && make install

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# systemctl start nginx

访问验证响应报文头部

没改过来，不深究了；

2.3.5：编译升级 OpenSSL

升级 openssl 主要是为了解决 heartbleed 安全漏洞；

heartbleed 漏洞存在于 OpenSSL 的 1.0.1 至 1.0.1f（含）版本中，较新版本及先前版本均不受影响；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum info openssl
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Installed Packages
Name        : openssl
Arch        : x86_64
Epoch       : 1
Version     : 1.0.2k
Release     : 19.el7
Size        : 814 k
Repo        : installed
From repo   : base
Summary     : Utilities from the general purpose cryptography library with TLS implementation
URL         : http://www.openssl.org/
License     : OpenSSL
Description : The OpenSSL toolkit provides support for secure communications between
            : machines. OpenSSL includes a certificate management tool and shared
            : libraries which provide various cryptographic algorithms and
            : protocols.

此次系统上的 OpenSSL 版本为 1.0.2k，已不存在此安全漏洞，仅为了测试升级步骤；

查看当前 openssl 版本：

当前为 1.0.2k；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.18.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips  26 Jan 2017
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/apps/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module

下载并解压 openssl 源码包：

openssl 官网：https://www.openssl.org

本次下载的为 openssl-1.1.1h，下载地址为：https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1h.tar.gz

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[aaa@qq.com src]# tar zxvf openssl-1.1.1h.tar.gz

重新编译安装 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl stop nginx
[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src/nginx-1.18.0/

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# ./configure \
--prefix=/apps/nginx \
--user=nginx --group=nginx \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_v2_module \
--with-http_realip_module \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-pcre \
--with-stream \
--with-stream_ssl_module \
--with-stream_realip_module \
--add-module=/usr/local/src/echo-nginx-module \
--with-openssl=/usr/local/src/openssl-1.1.1h

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# make && make install

验证 openssl 版本：

版本升级为 1.1.1h

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.18.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.1.1h  22 Sep 2020
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/apps/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module --add-module=/usr/local/src/echo-nginx-module --with-openssl=/usr/local/src/openssl-1.1.1h

2.4：Nginx 日志

2.4.1：access_log 访问日志

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf         
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }
}

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/logs

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并查看日志：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log 
192.168.1.9 - user1 [02/Dec/2020:13:45:31 +0800] "GET /tom.jpg HTTP/1.1" 404 6 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.66 Safari/537.36"
192.168.1.9 - user1 [02/Dec/2020:13:45:37 +0800] "GET /tom.jpg HTTP/1.1" 404 6 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.66 Safari/537.36"
192.168.1.9 - user1 [02/Dec/2020:13:45:50 +0800] "GET /images/batman.JPG HTTP/1.1" 200 1113986 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.66 Safari/537.36"
192.168.1.66 - - [02/Dec/2020:13:46:14 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:83.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/83.0"

2.4.2：error_log 错误日志

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf         
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并查看日志：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log 
2020/12/02 13:53:10 [error] 5113#0: *65 open() "/data/nginx/yqc/www/images/tom.jpg" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 192.168.1.9, server: www.yqc.com, request: "GET /images/tom.jpg HTTP/1.1", host: "www.yqc.com"

2.5：Nginx 应用

2.5.1：root 与 alias

root 与 alias 的区别：

在 location 中指定 root 时，location 指定的 URI 的文件系统路径为：root + URI；
比如：
```
location /images {
  root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
}
```
如果要访问的是 http://www.yqc.com/images/1.jpg，那么文件的路径为：/data/nginx/yqc/www/images/1.jpg；
在 location 中指定 alias 时，location 指定的 URI 的文件系统路径为：alias；

比如：

location /images {
  alias /data/nginx/yqc/www;
}

如果要访问的是 http://www.yqc.com/images/1.jpg，那么文件的路径为：/data/nginx/yqc/www/1.jpg；

指定 root 与 alias

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;

  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /images {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
  }

  location /images-alias {
    alias /data/nginx/yqc/www;
  }
}

重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备 root 测试图片：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/www/images
[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp ironman.jpg /data/nginx/yqc/www/images/

准备 alias 测试图片：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp batman.jpg /data/nginx/yqc/www/

访问指定了 root 的 URI

浏览器访问 http://www.yqc.com/images/ironman.jpg

Nginx 全实践

访问指定了 alias 的 URI

浏览器访问 http://www.yqc.com/images-alias/batman.jpg

Nginx 全实践

2.5.2：error_page 错误页面

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf                   
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;

  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备错误页面：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/redirect
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/redirect/error.html 
sorry

访问测试：

Nginx 全实践

2.5.3：try_files

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location ^~ /images {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    try_files $uri $uri.jpg /images/default.jpg;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备测试图片：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /data/nginx/yqc/www/images/
total 1372
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1113986 Dec  2 12:37 batman.JPG
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   31912 Dec  2 14:20 default.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  254358 Dec  2 09:53 ironman.jpg

访问不存在的文件，显示default.jpg：

Nginx 全实践

访问不加jpg后缀的图片：

Nginx 全实践

2.5.4：auto_index 显示列表

可以使用该选项配置下载服务器；

编辑配置文件：

server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location /download {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    autoindex on;
    autoindex_exact_size off;
    autoindex_localtime on;
    autoindex_format html;
    limit_rate 1k;
  }
}

配置为：

开启自动索引；

不显示文件精确大小（即以 K、M等单位显示）；

显示为当前系统时间；

显示格式为 html；

设置每个连接的速率限制为 1KB/s；（这个限制是针对单个连接的，如果一个客户端同时开了多个连接，则总的速率限制为 limit_rate 乘以连接数）

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/www/download
[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp /usr/local/src/nginx-1.18.0/* /data/nginx/yqc/www/download -R

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问及下载测试：

Nginx 全实践

下载速度为 1KB/s 左右：

Nginx 全实践

2.5.5：stub_status 状态页

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location = /status {
    stub_status;
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
  }
}

配置：

仅允许192.168.1.0/24 和本地访问状态页；

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问状态页：

Nginx 全实践

2.5.6：favicon.ico 网站图标

浏览器发送请求时，会自动请求获取页面的图标文件；
如果图标文件不存在，会产生 404 错误；

设置不记录错误日志

查看修改前的错误日志：

2020/12/03 11:31:23 [error] 4460#0: *28 open() "/data/nginx/yqc/www/favicon.ico" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 192.168.1.9, server: www.yqc.com, request: "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1", host: "www.yqc.com", referrer: "https://www.yqc.com/"

修改配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf
server {
  ……

  location = /favicon.ico {
    log_not_found off;
    access_log off;
  }
}

配置 URI 为 /favicon.ico 时：

不记录“文件未找到”的错误日志；

不记录访问日志；

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并查看是否有新的错误日志

设置网站图标

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  ……
  location = /favicon.ico {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www/images;
    #log_not_found off;
    access_log off;
    expires 90d;
  }
}

准备图标文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mv buding.jpg /data/nginx/yqc/www/images/favicon.ico

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t                                
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

Nginx 全实践

三：Nginx 高级配置实践

3.1：Nginx 编译安装第三方模块

第三模块是对nginx 的功能扩展；
第三⽅模块需要在编译安装Nginx 的时候使⽤参数–add-module=PATH指定路径添加；
nginx⽀持第三⽅模块需要从源码重新编译⽀持；
有的模块是由公司的开发⼈员针对业务需求定制开发的，有的模块是开源爱好者开发好之后上传到github进⾏开源的模块；

3.1.1：echo 模块

https://github.com/openresty/echo-nginx-module

克隆

安装 git：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install git -y

从 github 克隆echo模块：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[aaa@qq.com src]# git clone https://github.com/openresty/echo-nginx-module.git

[aaa@qq.com src]# ll echo-nginx-module/
total 76
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  3184 Dec  2 16:33 config
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  1345 Dec  2 16:33 LICENSE
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 54502 Dec  2 16:33 README.markdown
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Dec  2 16:33 src
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Dec  2 16:33 t
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    52 Dec  2 16:33 util
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   986 Dec  2 16:33 valgrind.suppress

重新编译安装 Nginx

查看 nginx 之前的编译参数：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.18.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips  26 Jan 2017
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/apps/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module
[aaa@qq.com ~]#

添加 echo 模块，重新生成 Makefile：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src/nginx-1.18.0/

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# ./configure \
--prefix=/apps/nginx \
--user=nginx --group=nginx \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_v2_module \
--with-http_realip_module \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-pcre \
--with-stream \
--with-stream_ssl_module \
--with-stream_realip_module \
--add-module=/usr/local/src/echo-nginx-module

重新编译安装 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com nginx-1.18.0]# make && make install

测试 echo 模块

编译配置文件：

server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location = /status {
    stub_status;
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
  }

  location /main {
    index index.html;
    default_type text/html;
    echo "hello world,main-->";
    echo_reset_timer;
    echo_location /sub1;
    echo_location /sub2;
    echo "took $echo_timer_elapsed sec for total.";
  }

  location /sub1 {
    echo_sleep 1;
    echo sub1;
  }

  location /sub2 {
    echo_sleep 1;
    echo sub2;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重启nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl restart nginx

新装模块需要重启生效；

访问测试：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com/main
hello world,main-->
sub1
sub2
took 2.003 sec for total.

3.1.2：concat 模块（Tengine）

⽹站中的css、js等⽂件都是⼩⽂件，单个⽂件⼤⼩⼏k甚⾄⼏个字节，所以⽂件的特点是⼩⽽多，会造成⽹站加载时http请求较多，且⽹络传输时间⽐较短，甚⾄有时候请求时间⽐传输时间还长；
当公司⽹站中的这类⼩⽂件很多时，⼤量的http请求就会造成传输效率低，影响⽹站的访问速度和客⼾端体验，这时合并http请求就⾮常有必要了；
concat模块就提供了合并⽂件http请求的功能，这个模块由淘宝开发，功能和apache的mod_concat模块类似。

编译 concat 动态模块

安装 lua 和 lua-devel：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install lua lua-devel

查看之前的 tengine 编译参数

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -V
Tengine version: Tengine/2.1.2 (nginx/1.6.2)
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/apps/tengine --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-file-aio --with-ipv6
loaded modules:
    ngx_core_module (static)
    ngx_errlog_module (static)
    ……

重新编译 tengine，将concat和lua编译为动态模块：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cd /usr/local/src/tengine-2.1.2/
[aaa@qq.com tengine-2.1.2]# ./configure --prefix=/apps/tengine \
  --user=nginx \
  --group=nginx \
  --with-http_ssl_module \
  --with-http_v2_module \
  --with-http_realip_module \
  --with-http_stub_status_module \
  --with-http_gzip_static_module \
  --with-pcre \
  --with-file-aio \
  --with-ipv6 \
  --with-http_lua_module=shared \
  --with-http_concat_module=shared

[aaa@qq.com tengine-2.1.2]# make

安装动态模块：

[aaa@qq.com tengine-2.1.2]# make dso_install

关于 make dso_install 的官方说明：

它将会复制动态库文件到你的动态模块目录，或者你也可以手工拷贝动态模块文件(文件是在objs/modules)到你想要加载的目录.

你能够使用dso_tool(在Nginx安装目录的sbin下)这个工具来编译第三方模块.

示例
./dso_tool --add-module=/home/dso/lua-nginx-module
将会编译ngx_lua模块为动态库，然后安装到默认的模块路径.如果你想要安装到指定位置，那么需要指定–dst选项(更多的选项请使用dso_tool -h查看).

加载 concat 动态模块

查看模块文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /apps/tengine/modules/
total 2784
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   93937 Dec  5 18:04 ngx_http_concat_module.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2755475 Dec  5 18:04 ngx_http_lua_module.so

编辑配置文件，加载 concat 动态模块：

dso {
  load ngx_http_concat_module.so;
  load ngx_http_lua_module.so;
}

检查配置文件并重载 tengine：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
the configuration file /apps/tengine/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
configuration file /apps/tengine/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

验证 concat 模块

编辑配置文件，加入 concat 模块参数：

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            concat on;
        }

检查配置文件并重载 tengine：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
the configuration file /apps/tengine/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
configuration file /apps/tengine/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

未报错，表示已支持 concat 功能；

3.2：Nginx 自定义访问日志

3.2.1：Nginx 内置变量

$remote_addr
客户端地址（公网IP，有可能是代理服务器的 IP）;
$args
URL 中的指令参数；
$document_root
所请求的资源对应的 root 路径；
d o c u m e n t u r i U R L 中的 U R I （不包含指令参数）；即 s e r v e r n a m e 、 document_uri URL中的URI（不包含指令参数）；即server_name、 documenturiURL中的URI（不包含指令参数）；即servername、document_uri 和 $args 组成完整的 URL；
$host
请求的Host；
$http_user_agent
客户端的浏览器信息；
$http_cookie
客户端的cookie信息；
$limit_rate
limit_rate的值（未设置则显示默认值0）；
$remote_port
客户端的请求端口；
$remote_user
通过basic验证的用户名；
$request_body_file
nginx作为反向代理时，请求的后端服务器上的本地资源名称；
$request_method
请求资源所用的method（GET、HEAD、PUT等）；
$request_filename
请求资源在文件系统上的绝对路径；
$request_uri
请求的完整URI；
$document_uri 和 $args 组成 $request_uri；
$scheme
请求的协议，如http、https、ftp等；
$server_protocol
请求资源所用的协议（包括版本），如HTTP/1,0、HTTP/1,1、HTTP/2.0等；
$server_addr
服务器的IP地址；
$server_name
server_name指定的虚拟服务器名称；
$server_port
服务端的监听端口；

$upstream_cache_status
缓存状态；

·MISS 未命中，请求被传送到后端
·HIT 缓存命中
·EXPIRED 缓存已经过期请求被传送到后端
·UPDATING 正在更新缓存，将使用旧的应答
·STALE 后端将得到过期的应答

$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for
KaTeX parse error: Double subscript at position 12: proxy_add_x_̲forwarded_for变量…remote_addr用逗号分开：
- X-Forwarded-For：简称XFF头，它代表客户端，也就是HTTP的请求端真实的IP，只有在通过了HTTP 代理或者负载均衡服务器时才会添加该项。它不是RFC中定义的标准请求头信息。
  X-Forwarded-For 的记录格式：client1, proxy1, proxy2
  X-Forwarded-For头信息可以有多个，中间用逗号分隔，第一项为真实的客户端ip，剩下的就是曾经经过的代理或负载均衡的ip地址，经过几个就会出现几个。
在默认情况下，Nginx并不会对X-Forwarded-For头做任何的处理，除非用户使用proxy_set_header 参数设置：
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;

如果没有"X-Forwarded-For" 请求头，则KaTeX parse error: Double subscript at position 12: proxy_add_x_̲forwarded_for等于remote_addr（$remote_addr变量的值是客户端的IP）；

当Nginx设置X-Forwarded-For于$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for后会有两种情况发生：

1、如果从CDN过来的请求没有设置X-Forwarded-For头（通常这种事情不会发生），而到了我们这里Nginx设置将其设置为$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for的话，X-Forwarded-For的信息应该为CDN的IP，因为相对于Nginx负载均衡来说客户端即为CDN，这样的话，后端的web程序时死活也获得不了真实用户的IP的。

2、CDN设置了X-Forwarded-For，我们这里又设置了一次，且值为$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for的话，那么X-Forwarded-For的内容变成 ”客户端IP,Nginx负载均衡服务器IP“如果是这种情况的话，那后端的程序通过X-Forwarded-For获得客户端IP，则取逗号分隔的第一项即可。
$http_x_forwarded_for

Nginx中还有一个$http_x_forwarded_for变量，这个变量中保存的内容就是请求中的X-Forwarded-For信息。如果后端获得X-Forwarded-For信息的程序兼容性不好的话（没有考虑到X-Forwarded-For含有多个IP的情况），最好就不要将X-Forwarded-For设置为 KaTeX parse error: Double subscript at position 12: proxy_add_x_̲forwarded_for。应…http_x_forwarded_for或者干脆不设置。
$fastcgi_script_name
此变量保存的是请求的 URI，或者是以 / 结尾的 URI（即访问的是默认主页）；

比如在 location ~ \.php$ 中配置

root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name；
当访问的 URI 为 /appv1/test.php 时，
$document_root 指向 /data/nginx/yqc/www，
$fastcgi_script_name 指向 /appv1/test.php，
最终 SCRIPT_FILENAME 的值，即请求的 URI 指向的文件系统路径为：/data/nginx/yqc/www/appv1/test.php；
```
$fastcgi_script_name
```
request URI or, if a URI ends with a slash, request URI with an index file name configured by the fastcgi_index directive appended to it. This variable can be used to set the SCRIPT_FILENAME and PATH_TRANSLATED parameters that determine the script name in PHP. For example, for the “/info/” request with the following directives
```
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /home/www/scripts/php$fastcgi_script_name;
```
the SCRIPT_FILENAME parameter will be equal to “/home/www/scripts/php/info/index.php”.

When using the fastcgi_split_path_info directive, the $fastcgi_script_name variable equals the value of the first capture set by the directive.

3.2.2：Nginx 自定义变量

Syntax: set $variable value;

Default: —

Context: server, location, if

示例：

set $name magedu;
echo $name;
set $my_port $server_port;
echo $my_port;
echo "$server_name:$server_port";

3.2.3：自定义默认格式的访问日志

定义日志格式：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    log_format format1 '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'
                              '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                              '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
                              '$server_name:$server_port';
    include /apps/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

调用日志格式：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log format1;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  limit_rate 1024;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    limit_rate 1024;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location = /status {
    stub_status;
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并查看日志：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# !tail
tail -f /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log 
192.168.1.9 - user1 [02/Dec/2020:18:12:31 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1"200 8 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.66 Safari/537.36" "-"www.yqc.com:80

3.2.4：自定义 json 格式的访问日志

定义为 json 格式的访问日志，方便后期配合 ELK 对日志进行收集、统计和分析；

定义 json 日志格式：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    log_format format1 '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'
                              '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                              '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
                              '$server_name:$server_port';
    log_format format2 '{"@timestamp":"$time_iso8601",'
                '"host":"$server_addr",'
                '"clientip":"$remote_addr",'
                '"size":$body_bytes_sent,'
                '"responsetime":$request_time,'
                '"upstreamtime":"$upstream_response_time",'
                '"upstreamhost":"$upstream_addr",'
                '"http_host":"$host",'
                '"uri":"$uri",'
                '"domain":"$host",'
                '"xff":"$http_x_forwarded_for",'
                '"referer":"$http_referer",'
                '"tcp_xff":"$proxy_protocol_addr",'
                '"http_user_agent":"$http_user_agent",'
                '"status":"$status"}';
    include /apps/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

调动 json 日志格式：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf         
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log format2;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  limit_rate 1024;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    limit_rate 1024;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location = /status {
    stub_status;
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并查看日志：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access.log
{"@timestamp":"2020-12-02T20:45:10+08:00","host":"192.168.1.106","clientip":"192.168.1.9","size":0,"responsetime":0.000,"upstreamtime":"-","upstreamhost":"-","http_host":"www.yqc.com","uri":"/index.html","domain":"www.yqc.com","xff":"-","referer":"-","tcp_xff":"-","http_user_agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.66 Safari/537.36","status":"304"}

3.3：Nginx 压缩

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access_json.log format2;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  gzip on;
  gzip_comp_level 3;
  gzip_min_length 1k;
  gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/cssapplication/xml text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png;
  gzip_vary on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location = /status {
    stub_status;
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
  }
}

配置：

开启 gzip；

压缩级别为 3；

启用压缩的最小文件大小为 1k；

定义压缩文件媒体类型；

启用 gzip_vary，在响应头部中显示“Vary: Accept-Encoding” ；

检查配置文件并重置nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备测试文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll -h /var/log/messages 
-rw-------. 1 root root 457K Dec  2 22:27 /var/log/messages

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp /var/log/messages /data/nginx/yqc/www/messages.html

验证压缩：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl --head --compressed http://www.yqc.com/messages.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0
Date: Wed, 02 Dec 2020 14:37:13 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Last-Modified: Wed, 02 Dec 2020 14:28:38 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Accept-Encoding
ETag: W/"5fc7a496-721cf"
Content-Encoding: gzip

验证小于1k的文件不执行压缩：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /data/nginx/yqc/www/index.html -h
-rw-r--r-- 1 nginx nginx 8 Dec  2 09:33 /data/nginx/yqc/www/index.html

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl --head --compressed http://www.yqc.com/index.html   
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0
Date: Wed, 02 Dec 2020 14:37:58 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 8
Last-Modified: Wed, 02 Dec 2020 01:33:03 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "5fc6eecf-8"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

3.4：Nginx 实现 https

3.4.1：构建私有 CA

证书颁发机构（CA, Certificate Authority）；

这里生成一个私钥 Key 和自签名的 crt 证书，将自己作为一个私有 CA，后续为自己颁发 CA 证书；

生成私有 CA 的私钥和自签名证书：

umask 077：设置创建文件或目录时的 umask 为 077，即创建的文件权限为 600，目录权限为 700；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# (umask 077; openssl req -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -sha256 -keyout /etc/pki/CA/private/ca.key -x509 -days 3650 -out /etc/pki/CA/ca.crt)
Generating a 4096 bit RSA private key
...............................++
...........................................................................................................................................++
writing new private key to '/etc/pki/CA/private/ca.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:Shanxi
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Taiyuan
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:yqc
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:yqc.ca
Email Address []:aaa@qq.com

查看私钥和自签名 CA 证书：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /etc/pki/CA/private/ca.key
-rw------- 1 root root 3272 Dec  3 10:12 /etc/pki/CA/private/ca.key

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /etc/pki/CA/ca.crt 
-rw------- 1 root root 2074 Dec  3 10:12 /etc/pki/CA/ca.crt

3.4.2：生成私钥和证书签署请求

csr 表示 Certificate Signature Request，证书签署请求；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /apps/nginx/ssl

生成私钥和csr：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# openssl req -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -sha256 -keyout /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.key -out /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.csr
Generating a 4096 bit RSA private key
...................++
..........................++
writing new private key to '/apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:Shanxi
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Taiyuan
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:yqc.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.yqc.com
Email Address []:aaa@qq.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

查看生成的文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll /apps/nginx/ssl/
total 8
-rw------- 1 root root 1740 Dec  3 10:27 www.yqc.com.csr
-rw------- 1 root root 3272 Dec  3 10:27 www.yqc.com.key

3.4.3：签发证书

使用私有 CA 签发证书：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.csr -CA /etc/pki/CA/ca.crt -CAkey /etc/pki/CA/private/ca.key -CAcreateserial -out /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=CN/ST=Shanxi/L=Taiyuan/O=yqc.com/OU=Ops/CN=www.yqc.com/aaa@qq.com
Getting CA Private Key

验证证书***和登记内容：

[aaa@qq.com ssl]# openssl x509 -in /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.crt -noout -serial -subject      
serial=FA5590CFB34CBE92
subject= /C=CN/ST=Shanxi/L=Taiyuan/O=yqc.com/OU=Ops/CN=www.yqc.com/aaa@qq.com

[aaa@qq.com ssl]# cat /etc/pki/CA/ca.srl 
FA5590CFB34CBE92

3.4.4：www.yqc.com 的 https 访问

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf
server {
#  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  listen 192.168.1.106:443;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  ssl_certificate /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.crt;
  ssl_certificate_key /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.key;
  ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
  ssl_session_timeout 10m;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access_json.log format2;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  gzip on;
  gzip_comp_level 3;
  gzip_min_length 1k;
  gzip_types text/plain text/html application/javascript application/x-javascript text/cssapplication/xml text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png;
  gzip_vary on;
  
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location = /status {
    stub_status;
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

测试访问：

Nginx 全实践

继续访问：

Nginx 全实践

查看证书信息：

Nginx 全实践

3.4.5：wap.yqc.com 的 https 访问

生成私钥和证书签署申请：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# openssl req -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -sha256 -keyout /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.key -out /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.csr
Generating a 4096 bit RSA private key
..........................................................................................................................++
..................................................................................++
writing new private key to '/apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN      
State or Province Name (full name) []:Shanxi
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Taiyuan
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:yqc
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:wap.yqc.com
Email Address []:aaa@qq.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

签发证书：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.csr -CA /etc/pki/CA/ca.crt -CAkey /etc/pki/CA/private/ca.key -CAcreateserial -out /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=CN/ST=Shanxi/L=Taiyuan/O=yqc/OU=Ops/CN=wap.yqc.com/aaa@qq.com
Getting CA Private Key

配置 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf 
server {
#  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  listen 192.168.1.106:443 ssl;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  ssl_certificate /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.crt;
  ssl_certificate_key /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.key;
  ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
  ssl_session_timeout 10m;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重置 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

验证访问：

Nginx 全实践

3.5：Nginx 防盗链

盗链的定义：
如果别⼈只链接了⾃⼰网站的某个单独资源，⽽不是打开了⽹站的整个页⾯，就是盗链；

$http_referer 变量中记录的就是链接自己站点的网站域名；

通过定义 valid_referer 的值，来定义有效的 referer；

valid_referer 的值包括以下几种类型：

none：请求报⽂⾸部没有referer⾸部，⽐如⽤⼾直接在浏览器输⼊域名访问web⽹站，就没有referer信息。

blocked：请求报⽂有referer⾸部，但⽆有效值，⽐如为空。

server_names：referer⾸部中包含本主机名及即nginx 监听的server_name。

arbitrary_string：⾃定义指定字符串，可使⽤*作通配符。

regular expression：被指定的正则表达式模式匹配到的字符串,要使⽤~开头。

相关内置变量：

$invalid_referer，如果访问资源命中 valid_refer 所记录的 referer 类型，则为空；否则为 1；

3.5.1：盗链演示

模拟场景：

wap.yqc.com 盗取 www.yqc.com 下的 /images/ironman.jpg；

编辑盗链页面：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/test.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
	<head>
		<meta charset="UTF-8">
		<title>盗链页面</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<a href="http://www.yqc.com">测试盗链</a>
		<img src="http://www.yqc.com/images/ironman.jpg">
	</body>
</html>

访问测试：
http://wap.yqc.com/test.html

Nginx 全实践

查看www.yqc.com访问日志：

“referer”:“http://wap.yqc.com/”

{"@timestamp":"2020-12-04T11:08:14+08:00","host":"192.168.1.106","clientip":"192.168.1.9","size":249006,"responsetime":0.000,"upstreamtime":"-","upstreamhost":"-","http_host":"www.yqc.com","uri":"/images/ironman.jpg","domain":"www.yqc.com","xff":"-","referer":"http://wap.yqc.com/","tcp_xff":"-","http_user_agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36","status":"200"}

3.5.2：防盗链配置

在 www.yqc.com 的 location /images配置中定义防盗链配置：

  location /images {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    valid_referers none blocked server_names ~\.google\. ~\.baidu\.;
    if ( $invalid_referer = 1 ) {
      return 403;
    }
  }

检查配置文件并重置 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问盗链测试页面：

Nginx 全实践

查看日志：

{"@timestamp":"2020-12-04T11:37:50+08:00","host":"192.168.1.106","clientip":"192.168.1.9","size":555,"responsetime":0.000,"upstreamtime":"-","upstreamhost":"-","http_host":"www.yqc.com","uri":"/images/ironman.jpg","domain":"www.yqc.com","xff":"-","referer":"http://wap.yqc.com/","tcp_xff":"-","http_user_agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36","status":"403"}

3.6：Nginx 转发 FastCGI 请求

CGI 和 FastCGI：

CGI，Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口，Nginx 基于 CGI 协议转发客户端的动态资源请求至 PHP 程序，由这些程序处理完请求后，返回结果给 Nginx，再由 Nginx 返回客户端相应的数据；

早期的 CGI 协议，对于每一个请求都会创建一个 CGI 进程，解析并处理完毕后再关闭进程，效率很低；

FastCGI 处理完请求后，不会立即关闭进程，而是保留并继续处理新的请求，使得不用反复创建新的进程，提升了处理效率；

php-fpm：

FPM，FastCGI Process Manager，FastCGI 进程管理器，提供 FastCGI 进程启动和管理的功能；

FastCGI 的进程运行模式为 master-worker 模式：

一个 master 进程，负责监听并接收来自 web 服务转发的客户端请求；

多个 worker 进程，每个 worker 进程都有一个 PHP 解析器，用于 PHP 代码的解析处理；

Nginx 的 FastCGI 相关功能由 ngx_http_fastcgi_module 模块提供；

3.6.1：准备 PHP 环境

安装 php-fpm

yum 安装 php-fpm：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install php-fpm -y

配置 php-fpm

php-fpm.conf：

修改 daemonize = yes，设置为后台启动；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# grep -v ';' /etc/php-fpm.conf | grep -v '^$'
include=/etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf
[global]
pid = /run/php-fpm/php-fpm.pid
error_log = /var/log/php-fpm/error.log
daemonize = yes

www.conf：
- 启动 php-fpm worker 进程的用户要和启动 nginx worker 进程的用户一致，因为涉及文件权限问题；
- 当 php-fpm 和 nginx 不在同一服务器时，需要：
  - 设置 fastcgi 监听在可通信的 IP 地址上，或者直接监听所有地址 listen = 0.0.0.0:9000；
  - 注释 listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1，或者设置为相应的 nginx 服务器地址；
- pm.max_children 的值是在实行进程动态管理（pm = dynamic）时，能够启动的 worker 进程数的最大值；
- pm.start_servers 的值是在实行进程动态管理（pm = dynamic）时，初始启动的 worker 进程数，所以需要 ≥ pm.min_spare_servers 指定的最小空闲进程数，并 ≤ pm.max_spare_servers 指定的最大空闲进程数；
- pm.max_requests 的值是单个 worker 进程累计能够处理的最大请求数，当达到这个请求数后，会回收 worker 进程，并重新启动一个 worker 进程；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# grep -v ';' /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf | grep -v '^[[:space:]]*$'
[www]
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1
user = nginx
group = nginx
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 5
pm.min_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_spare_servers = 35
pm.max_requests = 5000
pm.status_path = /pm_status
ping.path = /ping
ping.response = pong
slowlog = /var/log/php-fpm/www-slow.log
php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/php-fpm/www-error.log
php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on
php_value[session.save_handler] = files
php_value[session.save_path] = /var/lib/php/session

启动 php-fpm

启动 php-fpm：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start php-fpm
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl enable php-fpm
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/php-fpm.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service.

查看端口：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ss -tnl | grep 9000
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:9000                     *:*

准备 PHP 测试页面

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/www/php
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/www/php/index.php
<?php
  phpinfo();
?>

3.6.2：Nginx 配置 FastCGI 转发

配置所有以 .php 结尾的 URI 请求，都转发至 php-fpm 进行处理：

定义php资源请求的根目录为 /data/nginx/yqc/www/php；

  location ~ \.php$ {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www/php;
    fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    fastcgi_index index.php;
    fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    include /apps/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params;
  }

配置php状态页和/ping测试的请求转发：

  location ~ ^/(pm_status|ping)$ {
    fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1;
    fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    include /apps/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params;
  }

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# !sys
systemctl reload nginx

访问php信息页：

Nginx 全实践

访问 PHP 状态页和 ping 测试：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com/pm_status
pool:                 www
process manager:      dynamic
start time:           05/Dec/2020:16:00:44 +0800
start since:          1071
accepted conn:        9
listen queue:         0
max listen queue:     0
listen queue len:     128
idle processes:       4
active processes:     1
total processes:      5
max active processes: 2
max children reached: 0
slow requests:        0

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com/ping
pong

四：Nginx Rewrite 模块

ngx_http_rewrite_module 包含的指令：

if
set
break
return
rewrite_log
rewrite

4.1：if 条件判断

4.1.1：文件判断

测试 if 语句，访问的资源存在则显示 “file exists.”，不存在则显示 “file doesn’t exist.”；

编辑配置文件：

server {
  ……
  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
    if ( -f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file exists.";
    }
    if ( !-f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file doesn't exist.";
    }
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备测试文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp /etc/fstab /data/nginx/yqc/www/echo/fstab.html

测试访问存在的资源：

Nginx 全实践

测试访问不存在的资源：

Nginx 全实践

4.1.2：条件判断

判断访问所用协议，如果是 http，则显示 “if_http: http”，如果是 https，则显示 “if_https: https”；

编辑配置文件：

server {
  ……
  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
#    if ( -f $request_filename ) {
#      echo "file exists.";
#    }
#    if ( !-f $request_filename ) {
#      echo "file doesn't exist.";
#    }
    if ( $scheme = http ) {
      echo "if_http: $scheme";
    }
    if ( $scheme = https ) {
      echo "if_https: $scheme";
    }
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：
https://www.yqc.com/echo/fstab.html

Nginx 全实践

4.2：set 自定义变量

编辑配置文件：

server {
  ……
  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
    set $name www.yqc.com;
    set $nginx_port $server_port;
    echo "$name:$nginx_port";
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

Nginx 全实践

4.3：break 中断

测试 break 只会中断同一 location 中的 ngx_http_rewrite_module 模块中的指令，其它指令则继续运行；

编辑配置文件：

server {
  ……
  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
    set $name www.yqc.com;
    echo $name;
    break;
    set $nginx_port $server_port;
    echo "$name:$nginx_port";
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

break 并未中断后边的 echo 指令，但却中断了后边的 set 指令，使得显示时 $nginx_port 的值为空；

Nginx 全实践

4.4：return

测试 return 只会中断同一作用区域的所有指令，对自身所在作用区域之外的指令没有影响；

4.4.1：return in if

编辑配置文件：

server {
  ……
  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
    if ( -f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file exists.";
      return 666 "return test";
    }
    if ( !-f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file doesn't exist.";
    }
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问存在的资源：

返回 return 的提示信息，并返回状态码 666；

Nginx 全实践

访问不存在的资源：

echo 指令正常显示；

Nginx 全实践

4.4.2：return in location

测试将 return 上提一层，放在 location 中的效果；

编辑配置文件：

server {
  ……
  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
    echo "return failed.";
    if ( -f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file exists.";
    }
    if ( !-f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file doesn't exist.";
    }
    return 666 "return test";
    echo "return failed.";
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

该 location 中的所有 echo 指令均未执行；

访问 server 下的其它资源，不受影响；

Nginx 全实践

4.4.3：return in server

继续上提一层，放在 server 中，测试该 server 的其它页面是否可以访问；

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
#  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  listen 192.168.1.106:443 ssl;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  ssl_certificate /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.crt;
  ssl_certificate_key /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.key;
  ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
  ssl_session_timeout 10m;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access_json.log format2;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log;
  gzip on;
  gzip_comp_level 3;
  gzip_min_length 1k;
  gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/cssapplication/xml text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png;
  gzip_vary on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
  }

  location = /error.html {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/redirect;
  }

  location = /status {
    stub_status;
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny all;
  }

  location = /favicon.ico {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www/images;
    #log_not_found off;
    access_log off;
    expires 90d;
  }

  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
    echo "return failed.";
    if ( -f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file exists.";
    }
    if ( !-f $request_filename ) {
      echo "file doesn't exist.";
    }
    echo "return failed.";
  }

  return 666 "return test"; 
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

测试访问：

访问该 server 的所有资源，均返回 666；

Nginx 全实践

4.5：rewrite_log

开启 rewrite 模块日志，查看相应日志内容；

开启 rewrite_log，并设置 error_log 的级别为 notice：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf    
server {
  ……
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log notice;
  ……
  
  location /echo {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    default_type text/html;
    rewrite_log on;
    set $name www.yqc.com;
    echo $name;
    break;
    set $nginx_port $server_port;
    echo "$name:$nginx_port";
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并触发 break 指令，查看日志：
https://www.yqc.com/echo

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log
2020/12/03 17:00:53 [warn] 21064#0: *31 using uninitialized "nginx_port" variable, client: 192.168.1.9, server: www.yqc.com, request: "GET /echo HTTP/1.1", host: "www.yqc.com"

4.6：rewrite 重定向

4.6.1：redirect 临时重定向

将 wap.yqc.com 临时重定向至 www.baidu.com，查看响应状态码；

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf   
server {
#  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  listen 192.168.1.106:443 ssl;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  ssl_certificate /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.crt;
  ssl_certificate_key /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.key;
  ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
  ssl_session_timeout 10m;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite / http://www.baidu.com redirect;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并查看响应状态码：

Nginx 全实践

4.6.2：permanent 永久重定向

将 wap.yqc.com 永久重定向至 www.baidu.com，查看响应状态码；

永久重定向会缓存 A 记录，即浏览器会保存此次 DNS 的解析记录；而临时重定向则不会；

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf 
server {
#  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  listen 192.168.1.106:443 ssl;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  ssl_certificate /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.crt;
  ssl_certificate_key /apps/nginx/ssl/wap.yqc.com.key;
  ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
  ssl_session_timeout 10m;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    # rewrite / http://www.baidu.com redirect;
    rewrite / http://www.baidu.com permanent;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问并查看响应状态码：

Nginx 全实践

4.6.3：标记 break 后的单次重写

测试场景：

访问 /break 开头的 URI，重写到 /test1 后标记 break；

同一个 location 中，在重写到 /test1 的指令后添加一条重写到 /test2 的指令（测试 break 后不会执行同一 location 中的 rewrite 指令）；

在 /test1 的 location 中添加一条 rewrite 指令，重写至 /test3，（测试 break 后也会执行新的 URI 匹配到的 location 中的 rewrite 指令）；

编辑 URI 重写规则：/break–>/test1–>/test2–>/test3，全部标记为 break（测试标记为 break 的重写 URI 只会再被 rewrite 一次，即这次连续重写只会进行到 test2）；

将 /test1 的location 中的 rewrite 指回 /break（测试 break 不会出现循环重写）；

break 后不执行同一 location 的其它 rewrite

编辑配置文件（测试从 /break 重写至 /test1 后，不会执行同一 location 中重写至 /test2 的指令）：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /break {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/break/(.*) /test1/$1 break;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /test2/$1 break;
  }

  location /test1 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /test2 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

准备测试页面：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/wap/{break,test1,test2,test3}
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/break/index.html
break page
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/test1/index.html
test1 page
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/test2/index.html
test2 page
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/test3/index.html
test3 page

访问测试 break 后不会执行同一 location 中的其它 rewrite 指令：

只重写至 /test1；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/break/
test1 page

标记为 break 的新 URI 会重新匹配 location

编辑配置文件，在 location /test1 中添加重写至 /test3 的 rewrite 指令：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/wap-yqc-com_error.log notice;
  rewrite_log on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
  
  location /break {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/break/(.*) /test1/$1 break;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /test2/$1 break;
  }

  location /test1 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /test3/$1 break;
  }

  location /test2 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /test3 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

重写流程：break–>test1–>test3；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/break/
test3 page

break 的重写 URI 只会再被重写一次

编辑配置文件：

重写流程：break–>test1–>test2–>test3

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/wap-yqc-com_error.log notice;
  rewrite_log on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
  
  location /break {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/break/(.*) /test1/$1 break;
  }

  location /test1 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /test2/$1 break;
  }

  location /test2 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test2/(.*) /test3/$1 break;
  }

  location /test3 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

重写至进行到 test2 即停止；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/break/
test2 page

查看 rewrite 日志：

2020/12/03 23:18:31 [notice] 21902#0: *11 "^/break/(.*)" matches "/break/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:18:31 [notice] 21902#0: *11 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:18:31 [notice] 21902#0: *11 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/index.html", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:18:31 [notice] 21902#0: *11 rewritten data: "/test2/index.html", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"

break 可以防止重写循环

将 location /test1 中的 rewrite 规则指回 /break：

现在的 rewrite 规则形成一个循环；

  location /break {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/break/(.*) /test1/$1 break;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /test2/$1 break;
  }
  
  location /test1 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /break/$1 break;
  }

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

两条 rewrite 规则在这次请求中都只执行了一次，URI 被重新指回 /break；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/break/
break page

查看重写日志：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /data/nginx/logs/wap-yqc-com_error.log
2020/12/03 19:08:03 [notice] 21605#0: *9 "^/break/(.*)" matches "/break/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 19:08:03 [notice] 21605#0: *9 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 19:08:03 [notice] 21605#0: *9 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/index.html", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 19:08:03 [notice] 21605#0: *9 rewritten data: "/break/index.html", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /break/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"

4.6.4：标记 last 后的多次重写

last 实际应用场景不多；

测试场景：

同一个 location 中，在重写到 /test1 的指令后添加一条重写到 /test2 的指令（测试 break 后不会执行同一 location 中的 rewrite 指令）；

编辑 URI 重写规则：/last–>/test1–>/test2–>/test3–>/test4–>/test5，全部标记为 last（测试标记为 last 的重写 URI 会被连续重写多次，直至所有重写规则流程结束）；

编辑 URI 重写规则：/last–>/test1–>/last……，标记为 last（测试 last 可能导致的重写循环）；

模拟需要多次重写的应用场景：
appv1 改版为 appv2，后又改版为 appv3，此时如果想让仍保留着 appv1 访问路径的用户，直接访问 appv3，通过连续两个标记 break 的 rewrite 规则即可实现，即 /appv1–> /appv2 --> /appv3，因为第一次 rewrite 后生成的新 URI（/appv2 ）还能在经过一次 rewrite，从而重写为 appv3；
然而如果再进行了一次版本升级，想让用户通过 /appv1 访问到 /appv4，就要通过 last 来实现多次重写了；
P.S.
当然，这种应用场景基本遇不到，因为实际中只需添加 /appv1 --> /appv4 的 rewrite 规则即可，不需要连续重写；
顶多再分别单独添加 /appv2 --> /appv4、 /appv3 --> /appv4 的 rwrite 规则，即可将所有旧版本的 URL 重定向至新版本；

last 后同样不会执行同一 location 的其它 rewrite 规则

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf    
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /last {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/last/(.*) /test1/$1 last;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /test2/$1 last;
  }

  location /test1 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /test2 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

测试访问：

仅执行了 /last --> /test1 的重写，而未执行同一 location 中 /test1 --> /test2 的重写；
最终显示内容为 /test1 的内容；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/last/ 
test1 page

标记为 last 的新 URI 会多次匹配执行 rewrite 规则

编辑配置文件：

重写规则：break–>test1–>test2–>test3–>test4–>test5

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/wap-yqc-com_error.log notice;
  rewrite_log on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
  
  location /last {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/last/(.*) /test1/$1 last;
  }

  location /test1 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /test2/$1 last;
  }

  location /test2 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test2/(.*) /test3/$1 last;
  }

  location /test3 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test3/(.*) /test4/$1 last;
  }

  location /test4 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test4/(.*) /test5/$1 last;
  }

  location /test5 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

会一直重写至 test5；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/last/
test5 page

查看 rewrite 日志：

2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 "^/last/(.*)" matches "/last/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 rewritten data: "/test2/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 "^/test2/(.*)" matches "/test2/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 rewritten data: "/test3/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 "^/test3/(.*)" matches "/test3/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 rewritten data: "/test4/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 "^/test4/(.*)" matches "/test4/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"
2020/12/03 23:41:53 [notice] 22000#0: *15 rewritten data: "/test5/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"

last 导致的重写循环

编辑配置文件：

形成 last<–>test1 的重写循环；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/wap-yqc-com_error.log notice;
  rewrite_log on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }

  location /last {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/last/(.*) /test1/$1 last;
  }

  location /test1 {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/test1/(.*) /last/$1 last;
  }
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

报 500 错误；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/last/
<html>
<head><title>500 Internal Server Error</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.18.0</center>
</body>
</html>

查看 rewrite 日志：

在第一次重写为 /test1 后，又执行了 10次重写操作，最后报 500 错误；

  1 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/last/(.*)" matches "/last/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yq
    c.com"
  2 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "w
    ap.yqc.com"
  3 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.
    yqc.com"
  4 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/last/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wa
    p.yqc.com"
  5 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/last/(.*)" matches "/last/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yq
    c.com"
  6 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "w
    ap.yqc.com"
  7 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.
    yqc.com"
  8 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/last/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wa
    p.yqc.com"
  9 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/last/(.*)" matches "/last/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yq
    c.com"
 10 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "w
    ap.yqc.com"
 11 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.
    yqc.com"
 12 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/last/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wa
    p.yqc.com"
 13 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/last/(.*)" matches "/last/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yq
    c.com"
 14 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "w
    ap.yqc.com"
 15 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.
    yqc.com"
 16 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/last/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wa
    p.yqc.com"
 17 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/last/(.*)" matches "/last/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yq
    c.com"
 18 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "w
    ap.yqc.com"
 19 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/test1/(.*)" matches "/test1/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.
    yqc.com"
 20 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/last/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wa
    p.yqc.com"
 21 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 "^/last/(.*)" matches "/last/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yq
    c.com"
 22 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [notice] 22025#0: *18 rewritten data: "/test1/", args: "", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GET /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "w
    ap.yqc.com"
 23 2020/12/03 23:54:47 [error] 22025#0: *18 rewrite or internal redirection cycle while processing "/test1/", client: 192.168.1.105, server: wap.yqc.com, request: "GE
    T /last/ HTTP/1.1", host: "wap.yqc.com"

模拟用到 last 多次重写的场景

appv1 改版为 appv2，后又改版为 appv3，此时如果想让仍保留着 appv1 访问路径的用户，直接访问 appv3，通过连续两个标记 break 的 rewrite 规则即可实现，即 /appv1–> /appv2 --> /appv3，因为第一次 rewrite 后生成的新 URI（/appv2 ）还能在经过一次 rewrite，从而重写为 appv3；
然而如果再进行了一次版本升级，想让用户通过 /appv1 访问到 /appv4，就要通过 last 来实现多次重写了；

需要在追加 /appv3 --> /appv4 的重写规则时，将 /appv2 --> /appv3 的重写规则标记为 last；

P.S.
当然，这种应用场景基本遇不到，因为实际中只需添加 /appv1 --> /appv4 的 rewrite 规则即可，不需要连续重写；
顶多再分别单独添加 /appv2 --> /appv4、 /appv3 --> /appv4 的 rwrite 规则，即可将所有旧版本的 URL 重定向至新版本；

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf.d/wap.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  server_name wap.yqc.com;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/wap-yqc-com_error.log notice;
  rewrite_log on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
  
  location /appv1{
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/appv1/(.*) /appv2/$1 break;
  }

  location /appv2{
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/appv2/(.*) /appv3/$1 last;
  }

  location /appv3{
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
    rewrite ^/appv3/(.*) /appv4/$1 break;
  }

  location /appv4{
    root /data/nginx/yqc/wap;
    index index.html;
  }
}

准备测试文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /data/nginx/yqc/wap/appv{1..4}
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/appv1/index.html
appv1
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/appv2/index.html
appv2
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/appv3/index.html
appv3
[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /data/nginx/yqc/wap/appv4/index.html
appv4

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：
rwrite 规则如果都标记为 break，则重写至 /appv3 即停止；
将 /appv2 --> /appv3 的 rewrite 规则标记为 last，即可继续向后重写；
将 /appv3 --> /appv4 的rewrite 规则标记为 break，即可防止继续向后重写；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -L http://wap.yqc.com/appv1
appv4

4.6.5：rewrite 案例

rewrite 自动跳转 https

实现访问 http://www.yqc.com 时，自动跳转到 https://www.yqc.com；

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf.d/www.yqc.com.conf 
server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:80;
  listen 192.168.1.106:443 ssl;
  server_name www.yqc.com;
  ssl_certificate /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.crt;
  ssl_certificate_key /apps/nginx/ssl/www.yqc.com.key;
  ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
  ssl_session_timeout 10m;
  error_page 500 502 503 504 404 /error.html;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_access_json.log format2;
  error_log /data/nginx/logs/www-yqc-com_error.log notice;
  gzip on;
  gzip_comp_level 3;
  gzip_min_length 1k;
  gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/cssapplication/xml text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png;
  gzip_vary on;
  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    if ( $scheme = http ) {
      rewrite (.*) https://www.yqc.com permanent;
    }
  }
  ……
}

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试

Nginx 全实践

rewrite 跳转默认页面

当访问的资源不存在时，自动跳转至默认页面；

编辑配置文件：

  location / {
    root /data/nginx/yqc/www;
    index index.html;
    if ( !-f $request_filename ) {
      rewrite (.*) http://www.yqc.com/default.html;
    }
  }

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

访问测试：

Nginx 全实践

五：Nginx http 反向代理

Nginx 反向代理功能涉及的模块：

ngx_http_proxy_module：将客⼾端的请求以http协议转发⾄指定服务器进⾏处理。

ngx_stream_proxy_module：将客⼾端的请求以tcp协议转发⾄指定服务器处理。

ngx_http_fastcgi_module：将客⼾端对php的请求以fastcgi协议转发⾄指定服务器助理。

ngx_http_uwsgi_module：将客⼾端对Python的请求以uwsgi协议转发⾄指定服务器处理。

5.1：准备后端 Web 服务器

后端 Web 服务采用 httpd；

安装 httpd：

~]# yum install httpd -y

启动 httpd 并设置为开机启动

~]# systemctl start httpd
~]# systemctl enable httpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.

准备测试页面：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# echo "node107 httpd page" > /var/www/html/index.html

[aaa@qq.com ~]# echo "node108 httpd page" > /var/www/html/index.html

访问测试：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://192.168.1.107
node107 httpd page
[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://192.168.1.108
node108 httpd page

5.2：proxy_pass

5.2.1：代理单台 Web 服务器

将 www.yqc.com 和 www.yqc.com/images 代理至后端 web 服务器 node107；

注意 proxy_pass 后指定的 URL，末尾代 / 和不代 / 的区别：

代 / ，表示无论 location 指定的是哪个 URI，都直接跳转至后端服务器的根 /（即指向 httpd 服务器的 /var/www/html，在此目录下要有指定的资源）；

不代 /，表示访问 location 指定 URI 在后端服务器中对应的相同路径（后端 web 服务器要存在相应的资源目录）；

编辑 nginx 配置文件：

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://192.168.1.107:80;
  }
  
  location /images {
    proxy_pass http://192.168.1.107:80;
  }

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /var/www/html/images
[aaa@qq.com ~]# scp 192.168.1.106:/data/nginx/yqc/www/images/ironman.jpg /var/www/html/images/

删除 nginx 服务器的对应资源：

测试确实是从httpd返回的访问资源；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mv /data/nginx/yqc/www/images/ironman.jpg /root

重置nginx后访问测试：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl www.yqc.com
node107 httpd page

http://www.yqc.com/images/ironman.jpg

Nginx 全实践

日志：

{"@timestamp":"2020-12-04T16:54:52+08:00","host":"192.168.1.106","clientip":"192.168.1.105","size":19,"responsetime":0.002,"upstreamtime":"0.002","upstreamhost":"192.168.1.107:80","http_host":"www.yqc.com","uri":"/","domain":"www.yqc.com","xff":"-","referer":"-","tcp_xff":"-","http_user_agent":"curl/7.29.0","status":"200"}

{"@timestamp":"2020-12-04T17:09:16+08:00","host":"192.168.1.106","clientip":"192.168.1.9","size":249054,"responsetime":0.029,"upstreamtime":"0.021","upstreamhost":"192.168.1.107:80","http_host":"www.yqc.com","uri":"/images/ironman.jpg","domain":"www.yqc.com","xff":"-","referer":"-","tcp_xff":"-","http_user_agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36","status":"200"}

测试 proxy_pass 指定的 URL 代 / 的效果：

  location /images {
    proxy_pass http://192.168.1.107:80/;
  }

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# !sys
systemctl reload nginx

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl www.yqc.com/images/ironman.jpg
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>404 Not Found</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Found</h1>
<p>The requested URL /ironman.jpg was not found on this server.</p>
</body></html>
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl www.yqc.com/images
node107 httpd page

访问 www.yqc.com/images/ironman.jpg，被代理至后端 web 服务器后，实际的URL为 http://192.168.1.107/ironman.jpg，这个资源路径是不存在的；
访问 www.yqc.com/images，实际URL 为后端 web 服务器的根路径 http://192.168.1.107；

所以一般建议不要代 / 去指定后端服务器，这样可以保证前后端资源路径的一致性；

5.3：proxy_cache* 代理缓存

5.3.1：非缓存场景下的压测

node107 准备测试页面：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll -h /var/log/messages 
-rw-------. 1 root root 305K Dec  4 17:30 /var/log/messages
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp /var/log/messages /var/www/html/messages.html

安装 httpd-tools：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum provides */bin/ab
httpd-tools-2.4.6-95.el7.centos.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/ab

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install httpd-tools -y

进行压测：

以对比后续配置代理缓存后的压测结果；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ab -c 500 -n 5000 http://www.yqc.com/messages.html
Concurrency Level:      500
Time taken for tests:   14.377 seconds
Complete requests:      5000
Failed requests:        0
Write errors:           0
Total transferred:      1560810000 bytes
HTML transferred:       1559405000 bytes
Requests per second:    347.79 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       1437.663 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       2.875 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          106021.26 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:        0    3   8.2      0      53
Processing:    69 1363 237.0   1422    1538
Waiting:        5 1355 238.2   1415    1495
Total:         76 1366 229.1   1423    1539

5.3.2：代理缓存配置

定义缓存路径及参数

在 http 配置段定义代理缓存：
配置：
- 定义缓存路径为 /data/nginx/proxycache；
- 缓存目录结构为 1:1:1，即三层目录结构，每层目录名均由一位十六进制数字表示，即每层可以有2^4个目录，总共可以有 16×16×16=4096 个缓存目录；
- 指定缓存名称为 proxycache，大小为 20m；
- 缓存有效时间为 120s，120s 内未被命中的缓存将被删除；
- 缓存占用的最大磁盘空间为 1g；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
http {
  ……
  proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/proxycache levels=1:1:1 keys_zone=proxycache:20m inactive=120s max_size=1g;
}

调用缓存

在 location / 中调用缓存，并设置相关参数：
配置：
- 调用缓存 proxycache；
- 向后端 web 服务器转发请求时，在报文头部添加 client，值为 $remote_addr，将客户端 ip 传送给后端服务器；
- 指定要缓存的内容为 $request_uri（即缓存用户请求的完整 URI）；
- 定义状态码为 301 时，缓存时长为 1h（因为 301 永久重定向一般不会修改）；
- 定义状态码为 200、302 时，缓存时长为 10m（因为 200 和 302 表示成功的访问，短时间不会产生大的变动）；
- 定义其它状态码的缓存时长为 1m（这其中可能包括错误的访问缓存，故障一般会尽快处理，所以缓存不能过长，以让用户及时访问到恢复了的页面）；

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://192.168.1.107:80;
    proxy_cache proxycache;
    proxy_set_header clientip $remote_addr;
    proxy_cache_key $request_uri;
    proxy_cache_valid 301 1h;
    proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
    proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
  }

检查配置文件并重载 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# !sys
systemctl reload nginx

验证缓存效果

重新进行压测，对比未配置缓存时的数据（需要先访问一次压测资源，以生成缓存）：

配置缓存前，每秒处理的请求数量为：347.79 个
配置缓存后，每秒处理的请求数量为：720.92 个

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com/messages.html 

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ab -c 500 -n 5000 http://www.yqc.com/messages.html
Concurrency Level:      500
Time taken for tests:   6.936 seconds
Complete requests:      5000
Failed requests:        0
Write errors:           0
Total transferred:      1560810000 bytes
HTML transferred:       1559405000 bytes
Requests per second:    720.92 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       693.557 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       1.387 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          219769.85 [Kbytes/sec] received

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tree /data/nginx/proxycache/
/data/nginx/proxycache/
└── 9
    └── 5
        └── 3
            └── 478ab3190259513b48f079a5b5d8f359

3 directories, 1 file

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll -h /data/nginx/proxycache/9/5/3/478ab3190259513b48f079a5b5d8f359 
-rw------- 1 nginx nginx 306K Dec  4 18:24 /data/nginx/proxycache/9/5/3/478ab3190259513b48f079a5b5d8f359
[aaa@qq.com ~]# ll -h /var/www/html/messages.html  
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 305K Dec  4 17:39 /var/www/html/messages.html

缓存文件头部会添加访问的响应码（用于确定此缓存文件的缓存时长）：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# head -n10 /data/nginx/proxycache/9/5/3/478ab3190259513b48f079a5b5d8f359
KEY: /messages.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 04 Dec 2020 10:31:13 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS)
Last-Modified: Fri, 04 Dec 2020 09:39:50 GMT
ETag: "4c249-5b5a04207e0f1"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 311881
Connection: close

5.4：add_header 添加报文头部信息

编辑配置文件，添加头部信息：

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://192.168.1.107:80;
    proxy_set_header clientip $remote_addr;
    proxy_cache proxycache;
    proxy_cache_key $request_uri;
    proxy_cache_valid 301 1h;
    proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
    proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
    add_header X-Via $server_addr;
    add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status;
    add_header X-Accel $server_name;
  }

重载 nginx 并测试访问，查看响应头部：

第一次访问的缓存状态为 MISS，未命中缓存，因为还未生成缓存；
第二次访问的缓存状态为 HIT，表示命中缓存；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -I http://www.yqc.com/messages.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0
Date: Fri, 04 Dec 2020 10:54:04 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 311881
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Last-Modified: Fri, 04 Dec 2020 09:39:50 GMT
ETag: "4c249-5b5a04207e0f1"
X-Via: 192.168.1.106
X-Cache: MISS
X-Accel: www.yqc.com
Accept-Ranges: bytes

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl -I http://www.yqc.com/messages.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0
Date: Fri, 04 Dec 2020 10:54:07 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 311881
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Last-Modified: Fri, 04 Dec 2020 09:39:50 GMT
ETag: "4c249-5b5a04207e0f1"
X-Via: 192.168.1.106
X-Cache: HIT
X-Accel: www.yqc.com
Accept-Ranges: bytes

5.5：upstream 添加后端服务器组

5.5.1：实现七层负载均衡

定义后端服务器组（upstream 应用于 http 配置段，与 server 配置段平级）：

定义一个 upstream 后端服务器组，添加两台后端 web 服务器；

upstream webserver {
  server 192.168.1.107:80 weight=1 fail_timeout=5s max_fails=3;
  server 192.168.1.108:80 weight=1 fail_timeout=5s max_fails=3;
}

www.yqc.com 的 location / 调用 webserver 服务器组：

并向后端服务器透传客户端 IP 地址；
注释代理缓存配置，以验证负载均衡效果；

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://webserver/;
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    #proxy_cache proxycache;
    #proxy_cache_key $request_uri;
    #proxy_cache_valid 301 1h;
    #proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
    #proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
    add_header X-Via $server_addr;
    add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status;
    add_header X-Accel $server_name;
  }

重载 nginx 并访问测试：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com
node107 httpd page
[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com
node108 httpd page
[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com
node107 httpd page
[aaa@qq.com ~]# curl http://www.yqc.com
node108 httpd page

5.5.2：查看客户端 IP 透传日志

更改后端httpd 的日志格式：

combined 日志格式中添加 X-Forwarded-For；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
    LogFormat "%{X-Forwarded-For}i %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined

[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl restart httpd

访问并查看后端httpd日志，验证客户端 IP 透传效果：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /var/log/httpd/access_log
# 从 192.168.1.105 用curl访问的日志：
192.168.1.105 192.168.1.106 - - [05/Dec/2020:11:03:54 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 19 "-" "curl/7.29.0"

# 从 192.168.1.9 用chrome访问的日志：
192.168.1.9 192.168.1.106 - - [05/Dec/2020:11:20:24 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 - "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36"

如果后端 web 服务是 nginx，则main配置格式默认就有 $http_x_forwarded_for，其中同样记录了请求中的X-Forwarded-For信息：

    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'
                              '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                              '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

将 node108 的web服务改为 nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install epel-release -y
[aaa@qq.com ~]# yum install nginx -y
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start nginx
[aaa@qq.com ~]# cp /var/www/html/index.html /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html

访问并查看nginx日志，验证客户端 IP 透传效果：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
# 从 192.168.1.105 用curl访问的日志：
192.168.1.106 - - [05/Dec/2020:11:50:32 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 19 "-" "curl/7.29.0" "192.168.1.105"

# 从 192.168.1.9 用chrome访问的日志：
192.168.1.106 - - [05/Dec/2020:11:50:46 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 19 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36" "192.168.1.9"

六：Nginx tcp 负载均衡

6.1：主配置文件添加 stream 配置段

编辑nginx.conf，添加 stream 配置段：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
stream {
  log_format stream '$remote_addr [$time_local] '
                 '$protocol $status $bytes_sent $bytes_received '
                 '$session_time "$upstream_addr" '
                 '"$upstream_bytes_sent" "$upstream_bytes_received" "$upstream_connect_time"';
  include /apps/nginx/stream_conf.d/*.conf;
}

创建 stream 配置文件目录：

以实现 stream 相关的配置文件模块化；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# mkdir /apps/nginx/stream_conf.d/

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

6.2：Redis 负载均衡

6.2.1：后端服务器安装 Redis

node107 和 node108 分别安装 Redis；

~]# yum install redis -y

配置 redis 监听在所有 IP：

~]# vim /etc/redis.conf

启动 redis：

~]# systemctl enable redis
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/redis.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/redis.service.
~]# systemctl start redis

~]# ss -tnl | grep 6379
LISTEN     0      511          *:6379                     *:*

进入redis，分别设置 name 为 node107 和 node108：

以便验证负载均衡的效果；

[aaa@qq.com ~]# redis-cli
127.0.0.1:6379> set name node107
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> get name
"node107"

[aaa@qq.com ~]# redis-cli
127.0.0.1:6379> set name node108
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> get name
"node108"

6.2.2：Nginx 配置 Redis 代理

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/stream_conf.d/redis.conf 
upstream redis {
  server 192.168.1.107:6379 weight=1 fail_timeout=5s max_fails=3;
  server 192.168.1.108:6379 weight=1 fail_timeout=5s max_fails=3;
}

server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:6379;
  proxy_connect_timeout 3s;
  proxy_timeout 30s;
  proxy_pass redis;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/stream_redis_access.log stream;
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

查看监听端口：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ss -tnl | grep 6379
LISTEN     0      511    192.168.1.106:6379                     *:*

访问验证：

#  首次调度到 192.168.1.107：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# redis-cli -h 192.168.1.106
192.168.1.106:6379> get name
"node107"
192.168.1.106:6379> quit

#  第二次调度到 192.168.1.108：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# redis-cli -h 192.168.1.106
192.168.1.106:6379> get name
"node108"

查看日志：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /data/nginx/logs/stream_redis_access.log
192.168.1.105 [05/Dec/2020:13:54:56 +0800] TCP 200 9941 40 4.376 "192.168.1.107:6379" "40" "9941" "0.001"
192.168.1.105 [05/Dec/2020:13:55:30 +0800] TCP 200 9941 40 32.544 "192.168.1.108:6379" "40" "9941" "0.001"

6.3：MySQL 负载均衡

6.3.1：后端服务器安装 MariaDB

分别在 node107 和node108 上安装 mariadb-server：

~]# yum install mariadb-server -y

启动mariadb：

~]# systemctl start mariadb 
~]# systemctl enable mariadb

授权远程登录用户 test：

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'test'@'192.168.1.%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

分别创建 node107 和 node108 数据库：

以便验证负载均衡效果；

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE node107;

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE node108;

6.3.2：Nginx 配置 MySQL 代理

编辑配置文件：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /apps/nginx/stream_conf.d/mysql.conf
upstream mysql {
  server 192.168.1.107:3306 weight=1 fail_timeout=5s max_fails=3;
  server 192.168.1.108:3306 weight=1 fail_timeout=5s max_fails=3;
}

server {
  listen 192.168.1.106:3306;
  proxy_connect_timeout 3s;
  proxy_timeout 30s;
  proxy_pass mysql;
  access_log /data/nginx/logs/stream_mysql_access.log stream;
}

检查配置文件并重载nginx：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl reload nginx

验证监听端口：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# ss -tnl | grep 3306
LISTEN     0      511    192.168.1.106:3306                     *:*

访问验证：

#  首次调度到 192.168.1.107：
[aaa@qq.com ~]# mysql -h192.168.1.106 -utest -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| node107            |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> QUIT
Bye

# 第二次调度到 192.168.1.108
[aaa@qq.com ~]# mysql -h192.168.1.106 -utest -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 5
Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| node108            |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

查看日志：

[aaa@qq.com ~]# tail -f /data/nginx/logs/stream_mysql_access.log 
192.168.1.105 [05/Dec/2020:14:07:18 +0800] TCP 200 361 145 17.681 "192.168.1.107:3306" "145" "361" "0.002"
192.168.1.105 [05/Dec/2020:14:07:57 +0800] TCP 200 361 140 34.734 "192.168.1.108:3306" "140" "361" "0.001"

相关标签：【实验】 nginx nginx反向代理 web

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