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线程基础

程序员文章站 2022-04-03 13:37:23
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线程安全:

当多个线程访问某一个类(对象或方法)时,这个对象始终都能表现出正确的行为,那么这个类(对象或方法)就是线程安全的

 

synchronized:

 

 可以在任意对象及方法上加锁,而加锁的这段代码称为"互斥区"或"临界区"

 

例子:

 

public class MyThread extends Thread{
	
	private int count = 5 ;
	
	//synchronized加锁
	public void run(){
		count--;
		System.out.println(this.currentThread().getName() + " count = "+ count);
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
		Thread t1 = new Thread(myThread,"t1");
		Thread t2 = new Thread(myThread,"t2");
		Thread t3 = new Thread(myThread,"t3");
		Thread t4 = new Thread(myThread,"t4");
		Thread t5 = new Thread(myThread,"t5");
		t1.start();
		t2.start();
		t3.start();
		t4.start();
		t5.start();
	}
}
输出结果:t2 count = 3

                   t1 count = 3

                   t4 count = 2

                   t3 count = 1

                   t5 count = 0

 

    count值并没有按照顺序去减

    下面 将run方法加上synchronized

public class MyThread extends Thread{
	
	private int count = 5 ;
	
	//synchronized加锁
	public synchronized void run(){
		count--;
		System.out.println(this.currentThread().getName() + " count = "+ count);
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		 
		MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
		Thread t1 = new Thread(myThread,"t1");
		Thread t2 = new Thread(myThread,"t2");
		Thread t3 = new Thread(myThread,"t3");
		Thread t4 = new Thread(myThread,"t4");
		Thread t5 = new Thread(myThread,"t5");
		t1.start();
		t2.start();
		t3.start();
		t4.start();
		t5.start();
	}
}
输出结果:t1 count = 4
              t3 count = 3
              t4 count = 2
              t2 count = 1
              t5 count = 0

 

结论分析:

              当多个线程访问myThread的run方法时,以排队的方式进行处理(这里排对是按照CPU分配的先后顺序而定的),一个线程想要执行synchronized修饰的方法里的代码:

1 尝试获得锁

2 如果拿到锁,执行synchronized代码体内容;拿不到锁,这个线程就会不断的尝试获得这把锁,直到拿到为止,

   而且是多个线程同时去竞争这把锁。(也就是会有锁竞争的问题)

 

 对象锁和类级别锁

 

 关键字synchronized取得的锁都是对象锁,而不是把一段代码(方法)当做锁,所以代码中哪个线程先执行synchronized关键字的方法,哪个线程就持有该方法所属对象的锁(Lock)

 在静态方法上加synchronized关键字,表示锁定.class类,类一级别的锁(独占.class类)。

 

列子

 

public class MultiThread {

	private int num = 0;
	
	/** static */
	public synchronized void printNum(String tag){
		try {
			
			if(tag.equals("a")){
				num = 100;
				System.out.println("tag a, set num over!");
				Thread.sleep(1000);
			} else {
				num = 200;
				System.out.println("tag b, set num over!");
			}
			
			System.out.println("tag " + tag + ", num = " + num);
			
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
	
	//注意观察run方法输出顺序
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		//俩个不同的对象
		final MultiThread m1 = new MultiThread();
		final MultiThread m2 = new MultiThread();
		
		Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
			@Override
			public void run() {
				m1.printNum("a");
			}
		});
		
		Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
			@Override 
			public void run() {
				m2.printNum("b");
			}
		});		
		
		t1.start();
		t2.start();
		
	}
结果
	tag a, set num over!
        tag b, set num over!
        tag b, num = 200
        tag a, num = 100

 结果分析: 线程m1 m2都执行了run方法,如果m1线程调到run方法时,获得了对象锁,m2等待m1执行完才执行,结果应该是 :

 

         

tag a, set num over!
tag a, num = 100
tag b, set num over!
tag b, num = 200

 其实不然,m1 m2 是2个对象,有2把锁,没有冲突,所以都可以执行,可以使用类级别锁,输出结果会按照顺序

 

public class MultiThread {

	private static int num = 0;
	
	/** static */
	public static synchronized void printNum(String tag){
		try {
			
			if(tag.equals("a")){
				num = 100;
				System.out.println("tag a, set num over!");
				Thread.sleep(1000);
			} else {
				num = 200;
				System.out.println("tag b, set num over!");
			}
			
			System.out.println("tag " + tag + ", num = " + num);
			
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
	
	//注意观察run方法输出顺序
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		//俩个不同的对象
		final MultiThread m1 = new MultiThread();
		final MultiThread m2 = new MultiThread();
		
		Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
			@Override
			public void run() {
				m1.printNum("a");
			}
		});
		
		Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
			@Override 
			public void run() {
				m2.printNum("b");
			}
		});		
		
		t1.start();
		t2.start();
		
	}
结果:
tag a, set num over!
tag a, num = 100
tag b, set num over!
tag b, num = 200

 

结果分析:在静态方法上加synchronized关键字,表示锁定.class类,类一级别的锁(独占.class类),无论创建几个对象,调用printNum()方法,获取的都是类级别锁

 

结论:

   关键字synchronized取得的锁都是对象锁,而不是把一段代码(方法)当做锁,所以代码中哪个线程先执行synchronized关键字的方法,哪个线程就持有该方法所属对象的锁(Lock),

   在静态方法上加synchronized关键字,表示锁定.class类,类一级别的锁(独占.class类)。

 

对象锁的同步和异步

同步: synchronized

  同步的概念就是共享,我们要牢牢记住共享这2个字,如果不是“共享”资源,就没必要进行同步

异步:

  异步的概念就是独立,相互之间不受任何制约,就好像学习http的时候,在页面发起ajax请求,还可以继续浏览和操作页面的内容,二者之间没有任何关系

public class MyObject {

       //同步方法
	public synchronized void method1(){
		try {
			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
			Thread.sleep(4000);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
	
	/** 异步方法,没有任何锁的机制就是异步方法*/
	public void method2(){
			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
	}
}

 区别:

     method1异步方法多个线程需要排队的方法,而method2同步方法多个线程可以并发的访问

例子

public class MyObject {

	public synchronized void method1(){
		try {
			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
			Thread.sleep(4000);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
	
	/** synchronized */
	public void method2(){
			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		final MyObject mo = new MyObject();
			
		Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
			@Override
			public void run() {
				mo.method1();
			}
		},"t1");
		
		Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
			@Override
			public void run() {
				mo.method2();
			}
		},"t2");
		
		t1.start();
		t2.start();
		
	}
	
}
结果:
同时输出 t1 t2,没有等待4秒输出t2

 

分析:

  t1线程先持有object对象的Lock锁,t2线程可以以异步的方式调用对象中的非synchronized修饰的方法

  t1线程先持有object对象的Lock锁,t2线程如果在这个时候调用对象中的同步(synchronized)方法则需等待,也就是同步

 

相关标签: 线程