SQL常用语句
一、基础
1、说明:创建数据库
create database database-name
2、说明:删除数据库
drop database dbname
3、说明:备份sql server
--- 创建 备份数据的 device
use master
exec sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testback', 'c:\mssql7backup\mynwind_1.dat'
--- 开始 备份
backup database pubs to testback
4、说明:创建新表
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根据已有的表创建新表:
a:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)
b:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only
5、说明:删除新表
drop table tabname
6、说明:增加一个列
alter table tabname add column col type
注:列增加后将不能删除。db2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。
7、说明:添加主键: alter table tabname add primary key(col)
说明:删除主键: alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....)
删除索引:drop index idxname
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement
删除视图:drop view viewname
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句
选择:select * from table1 where 范围
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
删除:delete from table1 where 范围
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料!
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
总数:select count as totalcount from table1
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1
11、说明:几个高级查询运算词
a: union 运算符
union 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 table1 和 table2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 all 随 union 一起使用时(即 union all),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 table1 就是来自 table2。
b: except 运算符
except 运算符通过包括所有在 table1 中但不在 table2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 all 随 except 一起使用时 (except all),不消除重复行。
c: intersect 运算符
intersect 运算符通过只包括 table1 和 table2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 all 随 intersect 一起使用时 (intersect all),不消除重复行。
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。
12、说明:使用外连接
a、left outer join:
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。
sql: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a left out join b on a.a = b.c
b:right outer join:
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。
c:full outer join:
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。
二、提升
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (access可用)
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
法二:select top 0 * into b from a
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件
例子:..from b in '"&server.mappath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where..
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a,b,c from a where a in (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a in (1,2,3)
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a left out join b on a.a = b.c
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a )
select * from (select a,b,c from a) t where t.a > 1;
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2
9、说明:in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6')
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
11、说明:四表联查问题:
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒
sql: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段
14、说明:前10条记录
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
16、说明:包括所有在 tablea 中但不在 tableb和tablec 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
(select a from tablea ) except (select a from tableb) except (select a from tablec)
17、说明:随机取出10条数据
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
18、说明:随机选择记录
select newid()
19、说明:删除重复记录
delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名
select name from sysobjects where type='u'
21、说明:列出表里的所有的
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('tablename')
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when 'a' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'c' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'b' then pcs else 0 end) from tablename group by type
显示结果:
type vender pcs
电脑 a 1
电脑 a 1
光盘 b 2
光盘 a 2
手机 b 3
手机 c 3
23、说明:初始化表table1
truncate table table1
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc
三、技巧
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在sql语句组合时用的较多
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选,
如:
if @strwhere !=''
begin
set @strsql = 'select count(*) as total from [' + @tblname + '] where ' + @strwhere
end
else
begin
set @strsql = 'select count(*) as total from [' + @tblname + ']'
end
我们可以直接写成
set @strsql = 'select count(*) as total from [' + @tblname + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strwhere
2、收缩数据库
--重建索引
dbcc reindex
dbcc indexdefrag
--收缩数据和日志
dbcc shrinkdb
dbcc shrinkfile
3、压缩数据库
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
go
5、检查备份集
restore verifyonly from disk='e:\dvbbs.bak'
6、修复数据库
alter database [dvbbs] set single_user
go
dbcc checkdb('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) with tablock
go
alter database [dvbbs] set multi_user
go
7、日志清除
set nocount on
declare @logicalfilename sysname,
@maxminutes int,
@newsize int
use tablename -- 要操作的数据库名
select @logicalfilename = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名
@maxminutes = 10, -- limit on time allowed to wrap log.
@newsize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(m)
-- setup / initialize
declare @originalsize int
select @originalsize = size
from sysfiles
where name = @logicalfilename
select 'original size of ' + db_name() + ' log is ' +
convert(varchar(30),@originalsize) + ' 8k pages or ' +
convert(varchar(30),(@originalsize*8/1024)) + 'mb'
from sysfiles
where name = @logicalfilename
create table dummytrans
(dummycolumn char (8000) not null)
declare @counter int,
@starttime datetime,
@trunclog varchar(255)
select @starttime = getdate(),
@trunclog = 'backup log ' + db_name() + ' with truncate_only'
dbcc shrinkfile (@logicalfilename, @newsize)
exec (@trunclog)
-- wrap the log if necessary.
while @maxminutes > datediff (mi, @starttime, getdate()) -- time has not expired
and @originalsize = (select size from sysfiles where name = @logicalfilename)
and (@originalsize * 8 /1024) > @newsize
begin -- outer loop.
select @counter = 0
while ((@counter < @originalsize / 16) and (@counter < 50000))
begin -- update
insert dummytrans values ('fill log')
delete dummytrans
select @counter = @counter + 1
end
exec (@trunclog)
end
select 'final size of ' + db_name() + ' log is ' +
convert(varchar(30),size) + ' 8k pages or ' +
convert(varchar(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'mb'
from sysfiles
where name = @logicalfilename
drop table dummytrans
set nocount off
8、说明:更改某个表
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'
9、存储更改全部表
create procedure dbo.user_changeobjectownerbatch
@oldowner as nvarchar(128),
@newowner as nvarchar(128)
as
declare @name as nvarchar(128)
declare @owner as nvarchar(128)
declare @ownername as nvarchar(128)
declare curobject cursor for
select 'name' = name,
'owner' = user_name(uid)
from sysobjects
where user_name(uid)=@oldowner
order by name
open curobject
fetch next from curobject into @name, @owner
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
if @owner=@oldowner
begin
set @ownername = @oldowner + '.' + rtrim(@name)
exec sp_changeobjectowner @ownername, @newowner
end
-- select @name,@newowner,@oldowner
fetch next from curobject into @name, @owner
end
close curobject
deallocate curobject
go
10、sql server中直接循环写入数据
declare @i int
set @i=1
while @i<30
begin
insert into test (userid) values(@i)
set @i=@i+1
end
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数
dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0)
dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0))
dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0)
dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(yy, datediff(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0))
上面的sql代码只是一个时间段
dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
就是表示本周时间段.
下面的sql的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的:
where time between dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) and dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
而在存储过程中
select @begintime = dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
select @endtime = dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
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