CentOS 7安装完成后初始化的方法

1、添加用户

新增名为"wang"的用户

[root@vdevops ~]# useradd wang #添加账户
[root@vdevops ~]# passwd wang #设置密码
changing password for user wang.
new password: 
retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@vdevops ~]# exit #退出
以用户"wang"为例，设置其为唯一拥有管理员权限的账户
[root@vdevops ~]# usermod -g wheel wang
[root@vdevops ~]# vim /etc/pam.d/su
[html] view plain copy print?
#%pam-1.0 
auth sufficient pam_rootok.so 
# uncomment the following line to implicitly trust users in the "wheel" group. 
#auth sufficient pam_wheel.so trust use_uid 
# uncomment the following line to require a user to be in the "wheel" group. 
# 取消下面一行的注释 
auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid 
auth substack system-auth 
auth include postlogin 
account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid = 0 use_uid quiet 
account include system-auth 
password include system-auth 
session include system-auth 
session include postlogin 
session optional pam_xauth.so 
设置root账户的邮件转发
# person who should get root's mail
# 最后一行，取消注释，改变用户名称
root: wang

2、设置防火墙和selinux

【1】防火墙

查看防火墙状态

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl status firewalld 
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon 
loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) 
active: active (running) since wed 2016-10-26 01:09:49 cst; 1h 36min ago 
main pid: 744 (firewalld) 
cgroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service 
└─744 /usr/bin/python -es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid 
oct 26 01:09:46 vdevops.com systemd[1]: starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... 
oct 26 01:09:49 vdevops.com systemd[1]: started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. 

防火墙基本操作

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl start firewalld #启动防火墙 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl enable firewalld #设置防火墙开机自启 

默认情况下，“public”区域应用于nic，dhcpv6-client和ssh是允许的。

当使用“firewall-cmd”命令操作时，如果输入命令不带“--zone = ***”规范，则配置设置为默认区域。

#显示默认区域 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --get-default-zone 
public 
#显示当前设置 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all 
public (default, active) 
interfaces: eno16777736 
sources: 
services: dhcpv6-client ssh 
ports: 
masquerade: no 
forward-ports: 
icmp-blocks: 
rich rules: 
#显示全部区域 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all-zones 
block 
interfaces: 
sources: 
services: 
ports: 
masquerade: no 
forward-ports: 
icmp-blocks: 
rich rules: 

dmz 
interfaces: 
sources: 
services: ssh 
ports: 
masquerade: no 
forward-ports: 
icmp-blocks: 
rich rules: 
... 
#显示特定区域允许的服务 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-service --zone=external 
ssh 
#改变默认区域 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=external 
success 
#改变制定区域的接口 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --change-interface=eth1 --zone=external 
success 
#显示制定区域的状态 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all --zone=external 
external (default, active) 
interfaces: eno16777736 eth1 
sources: 
services: ssh 
ports: 
masquerade: yes 
forward-ports: 
icmp-blocks: 
rich rules: 
#注：改变制定区域的接口，前提是次接口在当前系统是存在的

显示默认定义的服务

[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --get-services 
rh-satellite-6 amanda-client bacula bacula-client dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns freeipa-ldap freeipa-ldaps freeipa-replication ftp high-availability http https imaps ipp ipp-client ipsec iscsi-target kerberos kpasswd ldap ldaps libvirt libvirt-tls mdns mountd ms-wbt mysql nfs ntp openvpn pmcd pmproxy pmwebapi pmwebapis pop3s postgresql proxy-dhcp radius rpc-bind rsyncd samba samba-client smtp ssh telnet tftp tftp-client transmission-client vdsm vnc-server wbem-https 
#定义文件路径如下，如果需要添加新的定义文件，在下面目录添加相应的xml文件 
[root@vdevops ~]# ls /usr/lib/firewalld/services 
amanda-client.xml freeipa-ldap.xml ipp.xml libvirt.xml pmcd.xml rh-satellite-6.xml tftp-client.xml 
bacula-client.xml freeipa-replication.xml ipsec.xml mdns.xml pmproxy.xml rpc-bind.xml tftp.xml 
bacula.xml ftp.xml iscsi-target.xml mountd.xml pmwebapis.xml rsyncd.xml transmission-client.xml 
dhcpv6-client.xml high-availability.xml kerberos.xml ms-wbt.xml pmwebapi.xml samba-client.xml vdsm.xml 
dhcpv6.xml https.xml kpasswd.xml mysql.xml pop3s.xml samba.xml vnc-server.xml 
dhcp.xml http.xml ldaps.xml nfs.xml postgresql.xml smtp.xml wbem-https.xml 
dns.xml imaps.xml ldap.xml ntp.xml proxy-dhcp.xml ssh.xml 
freeipa-ldaps.xml ipp-client.xml libvirt-tls.xml openvpn.xml radius.xml telnet.xml

添加或删除允许的服务，重新启动系统后，更改将恢复。如果永久更改设置，请添加“--permanent”选项。

#以添加http服务为例 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=http 
success 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-service 
http ssh 
#移除添加的http 
<pre name="code" class="html">[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --remove-service=http 
success 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-service 
ssh 
#添加http服务，永久生效 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=http --permanentsuccess
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --reloadsuccess[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-servicehttp ssh

添加和移除端口

[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=465/tcp #添加端口 
success 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-port 
465/tcp 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --remove-port=465/tcp #移除端口 
success 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-port 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=465/tcp --permanent #添加端口，永久生效 
success 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --reload 
success 
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-port 
465/tcp

加或删除禁止的icmp类型

[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --add-icmp-block=echo-request #添加禁止回应请求 
success 
[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --list-icmp-blocks 
echo-request 
[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --remove-icmp-block=echo-request #移除添加的参数 
success 
[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --list-icmp-blocks 
[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --get-icmptypes #显示icmp支持的功能 
destination-unreachable echo-reply echo-request parameter-problem redirect 
router-advertisement router-solicitation source-quench time-exceeded

【2】如果不需要防火墙服务，关闭如下

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl stop firewalld #停止防火墙服务 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl disable firewalld #禁止防火墙开机自启 
removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.firewalld1.service. 
removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service. 
3、selinux
[html] view plain copy print?
[root@vdevops ~]# getenforce #查看selinux工作模式 
enforcing 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i 's/selinux=enforcing/selinux=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config #禁用selinux 
[root@vdevops ~]# setenforce 0 #临时禁用selinux，无需重启

4、网络设置

【1】、设置静态ip和改变接口名称

[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.addresses 10.1.1.56/24 #设置静态ip 
[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.gateway 10.1.1.1 #设置网关 
[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.dns 10.1.1.1 #设置dns 
[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.method manual #设置ipv4的类型为静态 
[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c down eno16777736;nmcli c up eno16777736 #重启网络接口 
connection 'eno16777736' successfully deactivated (d-bus active path: /org/freedesktop/networkmanager/activeconnection/0) 
connection successfully activated (d-bus active path: /org/freedesktop/networkmanager/activeconnection/1) 
[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli d show eno16777736 #查看网络接口状态 
general.device: eno16777736 
general.type: ethernet 
general.hwaddr: 00:0c:29:b6:f5:5e 
general.mtu: 1500 
general.state: 100 (connected) 
general.connection: eno16777736 
general.con-path: /org/freedesktop/networkmanager/activeconnection/1 
wired-properties.carrier: on 
ip4.address[1]: 10.1.1.56/24 
ip4.gateway: 10.1.1.1 
ip4.dns[1]: 10.1.1.1 
ip6.address[1]: fe80::20c:29ff:feb6:f55e/64 
ip6.gateway: 
[root@vdevops ~]# ip addr show #查看ip状态 
1: lo: <loopback,up,lower_up> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state unknown 
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo 
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 
inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 
2: eno16777736: <broadcast,multicast,up,lower_up> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state up qlen 1000 
link/ether 00:0c:29:b6:f5:5e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 
inet 10.1.1.56/24 brd 10.1.1.255 scope global eno16777736 
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb6:f55e/64 scope link 
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 

【2】禁用ipv6

[root@vdevops ~]# vim /etc/default/grub 
#第六行，添加 
grub_cmdline_linux="crashkernel=auto <span style="color:#ff0000;">ipv6.disable=1</span> rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet" 
[root@vdevops ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 
generating grub configuration file ... 
found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64 
found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64.img 
found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 
found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img 
found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94 
found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94.img 
done 
[root@vdevops ~]# reboot #重启系统

【3】如果要将网络接口名称用作ethx，请按如下所示进行配置。

[root@vdevops ~]# vim /etc/default/grub 
#第六行添加 
grub_cmdline_linux="crashkernel=auto ipv6.disable=1 <span style="color:#ff0000;">net.ifnames=0</span> rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet 
[root@vdevops ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 
generating grub configuration file ... 
found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64 
found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64.img 
found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 
found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img 
found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94 
found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94.img 
done

4、服务设置

[1]、查看服务状态

# 显示正在运行的服务 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl -t service 
unit load active sub description 
auditd.service loaded active running security auditing service 
avahi-daemon.service loaded active running avahi mdns/dns-sd stack 
crond.service loaded active running command scheduler 
dbus.service loaded active running d-bus system message bus 
[e-mail] loaded active running getty on tty1 
... 
... 
... 
systemd-udevd.service loaded active running udev kernel device manager 
systemd-update-utmp.service loaded active exited update utmp about system reboot/shutdown 
systemd-user-sessions.service loaded active exited permit user sessions 
systemd-vconsole-setup.service loaded active exited setup virtual console 
tuned.service loaded active running dynamic system tuning daemon 
load = reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. 
active = the high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of sub. 
sub = the low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type. 
39 loaded units listed. pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. 
to show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'. 
# 显示所有服务 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl list-unit-files -t service 
unit file state 
auditd.service enabled 
autovt@.service disabled 
avahi-daemon.service enabled 
blk-availability.service disabled 
brandbot.service static 
... 
... 
... 
systemd-user-sessions.service static 
systemd-vconsole-setup.service static 
teamd@.service static 
tuned.service enabled 
wpa_supplicant.service disabled 
125 unit files listed.

[2]、设置停止启动自动的服务

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl stop postfix #停止服务 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl disable postfix 
removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service. 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl start postfix 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl enable postfix 
created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service. 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl status postfix 
● postfix.service - postfix mail transport agent 
loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) 
active: active (running) since wed 2016-10-26 18:40:35 cst; 15s ago 
main pid: 10071 (master) 
cgroup: /system.slice/postfix.service 
├─10071 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w 
├─10072 pickup -l -t unix -u 
└─10073 qmgr -l -t unix -u 

oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: /usr/sbin/postconf: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address ...rotocol 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: /usr/sbin/postconf: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address ...rotocol 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: postsuper: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address family no...rotocol 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: /usr/sbin/postconf: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address ...rotocol 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/master[10071]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address family not s...rotocol 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/master[10071]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address family not s...rotocol 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/master[10071]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com systemd[1]: started postfix mail transport agent. 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/qmgr[10073]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address family not sup...rotocol 
oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/pickup[10072]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling ipv6 name/address support: address family not s...rotocol 
hint: some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

[3]、还有一些sysv服务。它们由chkconfig控制，如下所示

[root@vdevops ~]# chkconfig --list 
note: this output shows sysv services only and does not include native 
systemd services. sysv configuration data might be overridden by native 
systemd configuration. 
if you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'. 
to see services enabled on particular target use 
'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'. 
netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off 
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off

5、更新系统添加其他源

yum update -y

添加其它源

添加一些有用的外部存储库来安装有用的软件

【1】安装插件以向每个安装的存储库添加优先级。

[root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install yum-plugin-priorities 
# 设置官方源的优先级为[priority=1] 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=1/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-base.repo

【2】添加从fedora项目提供的epel存储库

[root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install epel-release 
# 设置优先级[priority=5] 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=5/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo 
# 可以通过设置enabled=0，来控制安装软件包时使用相应的源 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo 
# 如果[enabled=0], 使用下面命令安装软件包 
[root@vdevops ~]# yum --enablerepo=epel install [package]

【3】添加centos sclo软件集合存储库。

[root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install centos-release-scl-rh centos-release-scl 
# 设置优先级[priority=10] 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-sclo-scl.repo 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-sclo-scl-rh.repo 
# 设置 [enabled=0] 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-sclo-scl.repo 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-sclo-scl-rh.repo 
# 设置[enabled=0], 通过下面命令使用相应源 
[root@vdevops ~]# yum --enablerepo=centos-sclo-rh install [package] 
[root@vdevops ~]# yum --enablerepo=centos-sclo-sclo install [package]

【4】添加remi的rpm存储库，它提供了许多有用的包

[root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm 
# 设置优先级 [priority=10] 
[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/remi-safe.repo

6、配置特色的vim

【1】安装vim

[root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install vim-enhanced

【2】设置别名

设置命令别名。 （适用于以下所有用户，如果您申请某个用户，请在“〜/ .bashrc”中写入相同的设置）

[root@dlp ~]# vi /etc/profile 
# 在最后添加下面一行内容 
alias vi='vim' 
[root@dlp ~]# source /etc/profile #重载

或者

echo "alias vi='vim'" >> /etc/profile && source /etc/profile

【3】配置vim，针对所有用户生效修改/etc/vimrc，针对特定用户生效修改~/.vimrc

主要用语法高亮，插件使用，自动缩进等功能，本文不做详细操作，后续会专门写一篇关于优化vim使用的博文，工欲善其事必先利其器

7、设置sudo

配置sudo以区分用户的职责，如果一些人共享权限，必手动安装sudo，因为它默认安装，即使“最小安装”

【1】设置普通用户拥有root的所有权限

[root@vdevops ~]# visudo 
# 添加下面一行，使用户“wang”拥有root的所有权限 
wang all=(all) all 
# 普通用户使用root命令 
# 确保用户为 'wang' 
[wang@vdevops ~]$ /usr/bin/cat /etc/shadow 
cat: /etc/shadow: permission denied# denied normally 
[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /usr/bin/cat /etc/shadow 
[sudo] password for cent:# own password 
daemon:*:16231:0:99999:7::: 
adm:*:16231:0:99999:7::: 
lp:*:16231:0:99999:7::: 
... 
... 
# 输入wang的密码可以看到执行结果

【2】设置用户不能执行危险命令

[root@vdevops ~]# visudo 
# 49行: 定义别名shutdown 
cmnd_alias shutdown = /sbin/halt, /sbin/shutdown, /sbin/poweroff, /sbin/reboot, /sbin/init 
# 设置用户wang不能执行别名shutdown对应的命令 
wang all=(all) all, !shutdown 
# 确保用户为'wang' 
[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /sbin/shutdown -r now 
sorry, user cent is not allowed to execute '/sbin/shutdown -r now' as root on vdevops.com. # denied normally

【3】创建一个特殊的组，组用户可以执行部分root命令

[root@vdevops ~]# visudo 
# 51行: 为管理用户的几个命令设置别名为usermgr 
cmnd_alias usermgr = /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/sbin/userdel, /usr/sbin/usermod, /usr/bin/passwd 
# 最后一行添加 
%usermgr all=(all) usermgr 
[root@vdevops ~]# groupadd usermgr 
[root@vdevops ~]# usermod -g usermgr wang 
# 确保用户为wang 
[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /usr/sbin/useradd testuser 
#输入用户wang的密码，查看创建结果，显示成功 
[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /usr/bin/passwd testuser 
changing password for user testuser. 
new unix password: 
retype new unix password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

【4】设置sudo日志

sudo的日志保存在/ var / log / secure中，但它中有很多种类的日志。如果你想保持只有sudo的日志在一个文件，设置如下：

[root@vdevops ~]# visudo 
# 最后一行添加 
defaults syslog=local1 
[root@vdevops ~]# vi /etc/rsyslog.conf 
# 在54行修改，添加<span style="color:#ff6666;">local1.none</span> 
*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none;<span style="color:#ff6666;">local1.none</span> 
/var/log/messages 
# 添加下面一行内容 
local1.* /var/log/sudo.log 
[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl restart rsyslog #重启rsyslog服务

以上所述是小编给大家介绍的centos 7安装完成后初始化的方法，希望对大家有所帮助