Spring MVC测试框架详解——客户端测试
上一篇《Spring MVC测试框架详解——服务端测试》已经介绍了服务端测试,接下来再看看如果测试Rest客户端,对于客户端测试以前经常使用的方法是启动一个内嵌的jetty/tomcat容器,然后发送真实的请求到相应的控制器;这种方式的缺点就是速度慢;自Spring 3.2开始提供了对RestTemplate的模拟服务器测试方式,也就是说使用RestTemplate测试时无须启动服务器,而是模拟一个服务器进行测试,这样的话速度是非常快的。
2 RestTemplate客户端测试
整个环境在上一篇《Spring MVC测试框架详解——服务端测试》基础上进行构建。
@RestController @RequestMapping("/users") public class UserRestController { private UserService userService; @Autowired public UserRestController(UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET, produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE) public User findById(@PathVariable("id") Long id) { return userService.findById(1L); } @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST) public ResponseEntity<User> save(@RequestBody User user, UriComponentsBuilder uriComponentsBuilder) { //save user user.setId(1L); MultiValueMap headers = new HttpHeaders(); headers.set("Location", uriComponentsBuilder.path("/users/{id}").buildAndExpand(user.getId()).toUriString()); return new ResponseEntity(user, headers, HttpStatus.CREATED); } @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT, consumes = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE) @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT) public void update(@RequestBody User user) { //update by id } @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE) public void delete(@PathVariable("id") Long id) { //delete by id } }
package com.sishuok.mvc.service; import com.sishuok.mvc.entity.User; public interface UserService { public User findById(Long id); }
package com.sishuok.mvc.service; import com.sishuok.mvc.entity.User; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { public User findById(Long id) { User user = new User(); user.setId(id); user.setName("zhang"); return user; } }
public abstract class AbstractClientTest { static RestTemplate restTemplate; ObjectMapper objectMapper; //JSON Jaxb2Marshaller marshaller; //XML String baseUri = "http://localhost:8080/users"; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { objectMapper = new ObjectMapper(); //需要添加jackson jar包 marshaller = new Jaxb2Marshaller(); //需要添加jaxb2实现(如xstream) marshaller.setPackagesToScan(new String[] {"com.sishuok"}); marshaller.afterPropertiesSet(); restTemplate = new RestTemplate(); } }
2.1 使用内嵌Jetty方式启动容器进行
需要添加jetty依赖:
<dependency> <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId> <artifactId>jetty-server</artifactId> <version>${jetty.version}</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId> <artifactId>jetty-webapp</artifactId> <version>${jetty.version}</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
如果要测试JSP,请添加
<dependency> <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId> <artifactId>jetty-jsp</artifactId> <version>${jetty.version}</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
版本:<jetty.version>8.1.8.v20121106</jetty.version>
测试示例(EmbeddedJettyClientTest.java)
public class EmbeddedJettyClientTest extends AbstractClientTest { private static Server server; @BeforeClass public static void beforeClass() throws Exception { //创建一个server server = new Server(8080); WebAppContext context = new WebAppContext(); String webapp = "spring-mvc-test/src/main/webapp"; context.setDescriptor(webapp + "/WEB-INF/web.xml"); //指定web.xml配置文件 context.setResourceBase(webapp); //指定webapp目录 context.setContextPath("/"); context.setParentLoaderPriority(true); server.setHandler(context); server.start(); } @AfterClass public static void afterClass() throws Exception { server.stop(); //当测试结束时停止服务器 } @Test public void testFindById() throws Exception { ResponseEntity<User> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(baseUri + "/{id}", User.class, 1L); assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, entity.getStatusCode()); assertThat(entity.getHeaders().getContentType().toString(), containsString(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)); assertThat(entity.getBody(), hasProperty("name", is("zhang"))); } //省略其他,请参考github }
此处通过内嵌Jetty启动一个web容器,然后使用RestTemplate访问真实的uri进行访问,然后进行断言验证。
这种方式的最大的缺点是如果我只测试UserRestController,其他的组件也会加载,属于集成测试,速度非常慢。伴随着Spring Boot项目的发布,我们可以使用Spring Boot进行测试。
2.2 使用Spring Boot进行测试
spring boot请参考spring boot官网 和《Spring Boot——2分钟构建spring web mvc REST风格HelloWorld》进行入门。通过spring boot我们可以只加载某个控制器进行测试。更加方便。
添加spring-boot-starter-web依赖:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <version>${spring.boot.version}</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
版本:<spring.boot.version>0.5.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT</spring.boot.version>,目前还处于SNAPSHOT版本。
测试示例(SpringBootClientTest.java)
public class SpringBootClientTest extends AbstractClientTest { private static ApplicationContext ctx; @BeforeClass public static void beforeClass() throws Exception { ctx = SpringApplication.run(Config.class); //启动服务器 加载Config指定的组件 } @AfterClass public static void afterClass() throws Exception { SpringApplication.exit(ctx);//退出服务器 } @Test public void testFindById() throws Exception { ResponseEntity<User> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(baseUri + "/{id}", User.class, 1L); assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, entity.getStatusCode()); assertThat(entity.getHeaders().getContentType().toString(), containsString(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)); assertThat(entity.getBody(), hasProperty("name", is("zhang"))); } //省略其他,请参考github @Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration static class Config { @Bean public EmbeddedServletContainerFactory servletContainer() { return new JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory(); } @Bean public UserRestController userController() { return new UserRestController(userService()); } @Bean public UserService userService() { //Mockito请参考 http://stamen.iteye.com/blog/1470066 UserService userService = Mockito.mock(UserService.class); User user = new User(); user.setId(1L); user.setName("zhang"); Mockito.when(userService.findById(Mockito.any(Long.class))).thenReturn(user); return userService; // return new UserServiceImpl(); //此处也可以返回真实的UserService实现 } } }
通过SpringApplication.run启动一个服务器,然后Config.xml是Spring的Java配置方式,此处只加载了UserRestController及其依赖UserService,对于UserService可以通过如Mockito进行模拟/也可以注入真实的实现,Mockito请参考《单元测试系列之2:模拟利器Mockito》。可以通过EmbeddedServletContainerFactory子类指定使用哪个内嵌的web容器(目前支持:jetty/tomcat)。
这种方式的优点就是速度比内嵌Jetty容器速度快,但是还是不够快且还需要启动一个服务器(开一个端口),因此Spring 3.2提供了模拟Server的方式进行测试。即服务器是通过Mock技术模拟的而不是真的启动一个服务器。
上述两种方式对于如果服务还不存在的情况也是无法测试的,因此Mock Server进行测试时最好的选择。
2.3 使用Mock Service Server进行测试
通过Mock Service Server方式的优点:
不需要启动服务器;
可以在服务还没写好的情况下进行测试,这样可以进行并行开发/测试。
对于Mock Service Server主要操作步骤:
1、通过MockRestServiceServer创建RestTemplate的Mock Server;
2、添加客户端请求断言,即用于判断客户端请求的断言;
3、添加服务端响应,即返回给客户端的响应;
为了方便测试,请静态导入:
import static org.springframework.test.web.client.*; import static org.springframework.test.web.client.match.MockRestRequestMatchers.*; import static org.springframework.test.web.client.response.MockRestResponseCreators.*;
测试示例(MockServerClientTest.java)
public class MockServerClientTest extends AbstractClientTest { private MockRestServiceServer mockServer; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { super.setUp(); //模拟一个服务器 mockServer = createServer(restTemplate); } @Test public void testFindById() throws JsonProcessingException { String uri = baseUri + "/{id}"; Long id = 1L; User user = new User(); user.setId(1L); user.setName("zhang"); String userJson = objectMapper.writeValueAsString(user); String requestUri = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(uri).buildAndExpand(id).toUriString(); //添加服务器端断言 mockServer .expect(requestTo(requestUri)) .andExpect(method(HttpMethod.GET)) .andRespond(withSuccess(userJson, MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)); //2、访问URI(与API交互) ResponseEntity<User> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(uri, User.class, id); //3.1、客户端验证 assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, entity.getStatusCode()); assertThat(entity.getHeaders().getContentType().toString(), containsString(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)); assertThat(entity.getBody(), hasProperty("name", is("zhang"))); //3.2、服务器端验证(验证之前添加的服务器端断言) mockServer.verify(); } //省略其他,请参考github }
测试步骤:
1、准备测试环境
首先创建RestTemplate,然后通过MockRestServiceServer.createServer(restTemplate)创建一个Mock Server,其会自动设置restTemplate的requestFactory为RequestMatcherClientHttpRequestFactory(restTemplate发送请求时都通过ClientHttpRequestFactory创建ClientHttpRequest)。
2、调用API
即restTemplate.getForEntity(uri, User.class, id)访问rest web service;
3、断言验证
3.1、客户端请求断言验证
如mockServer.expect(requestTo(requestUri)).andExpect(method(HttpMethod.GET)):即会验证之后通过restTemplate发送请求的uri是requestUri,且请求方法是GET;
3.2、服务端响应断言验证
首先通过mockServer.andRespond(withSuccess(new ObjectMapper().writeValueAsString(user), MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON));返回给客户端响应信息;
然后restTemplate就可以得到ResponseEntity,之后就可以通过断言进行验证了;
4、 卸载测试环境
对于单元测试步骤请参考:加速Java应用开发速度3——单元/集成测试+CI。
2.4 了解测试API
MockRestServiceServer
用来创建模拟服务器,其提供了createServer(RestTemplate restTemplate),传入一个restTemplate即可创建一个MockRestServiceServer;在createServer中:
MockRestServiceServer mockServer = new MockRestServiceServer(); RequestMatcherClientHttpRequestFactory factory = mockServer.new RequestMatcherClientHttpRequestFactory(); restTemplate.setRequestFactory(factory);即模拟一个ClientHttpRequestFactory,然后设置回RestTemplate,这样所有发送的请求都会到这个MockRestServiceServer。拿到MockRestServiceServer后,接着就需要添加请求断言和返回响应,然后进行验证。
RequestMatcher/MockRestRequestMatchers
RequestMatcher用于验证请求信息的验证器,即RestTemplate发送的请求的URI、请求方法、请求的Body体内容等等;spring mvc测试框架提供了很多***RequestMatchers来满足测试需求;类似于《Spring MVC测试框架详解——服务端测试》中的***ResultMatchers;注意这些***RequestMatchers并不是ResultMatcher的子类,而是返回RequestMatcher实例的。Spring mvc测试框架为了测试方便提供了MockRestRequestMatchers静态工厂方法方便操作;具体的API如下:
RequestMatcher anything():即请求可以是任何东西;
RequestMatcher requestTo(final Matcher<String> matcher)/RequestMatcher requestTo(final String expectedUri)/RequestMatcher requestTo(final URI uri):请求URI必须匹配某个Matcher/uri字符串/URI;
RequestMatcher method(final HttpMethod method):请求方法必须匹配某个请求方法;
RequestMatcher header(final String name, final Matcher<? super String>... matchers)/RequestMatcher header(final String name, final String... expectedValues):请求头必须匹配某个Matcher/某些值;
ContentRequestMatchers content():获取内容匹配器,然后可以通过如contentType(String expectedContentType)进行ContentType匹配等,具体请参考javadoc;
JsonPathRequestMatchers jsonPath(String expression, Object ... args)/RequestMatcher jsonPath(String expression, Matcher<T> matcher):获取Json路径匹配器/直接进行路径匹配,具体请参考javadoc;
XpathRequestMatchers xpath(String expression, Object... args)/XpathRequestMatchers xpath(String expression, Map<String, String> namespaces, Object... args):获取Xpath表达式匹配器/直接进行Xpath表达式匹配,具体请参考javadoc;
ResponseCreator/MockRestResponseCreators
ResponseCreator用于创建返回给客户端的响应信息,spring mvc提供了静态工厂方法MockRestResponseCreators进行操作;具体的API如下:
DefaultResponseCreator withSuccess() :返回给客户端200(OK)状态码响应;
DefaultResponseCreator withSuccess(String body, MediaType mediaType)/DefaultResponseCreator withSuccess(byte[] body, MediaType contentType)/DefaultResponseCreator withSuccess(Resource body, MediaType contentType):返回给客户端200(OK)状态码响应,且返回响应内容体和MediaType;
DefaultResponseCreator withCreatedEntity(URI location):返回201(Created)状态码响应,并返回响应头“Location=location";
DefaultResponseCreator withNoContent() :返回204(NO_CONTENT)状态码响应;
DefaultResponseCreator withBadRequest() :返回400(BAD_REQUEST)状态码响应;
DefaultResponseCreator withUnauthorizedRequest() :返回401(UNAUTHORIZED)状态码响应;
DefaultResponseCreator withServerError() :返回500(SERVER_ERROR)状态码响应;
DefaultResponseCreator withStatus(HttpStatus status):设置自定义状态码;
对于DefaultResponseCreator还提供了如下API:
DefaultResponseCreator body(String content) /DefaultResponseCreator body(byte[] content)/DefaultResponseCreator body(Resource resource):内容体响应,对于String content 默认是UTF-8编码的;
DefaultResponseCreator contentType(MediaType mediaType) :响应的ContentType;
DefaultResponseCreator location(URI location) :响应的Location头;
DefaultResponseCreator headers(HttpHeaders headers):设置响应头;
2.5 测试示例
测试查找
请参考之前的testFindById;
测试新增
提交JSON数据进行新增
@Test public void testSaveWithJson() throws Exception { User user = new User(); user.setId(1L); user.setName("zhang"); String userJson = objectMapper.writeValueAsString(user); String uri = baseUri; String createdLocation = baseUri + "/" + 1; mockServer .expect(requestTo(uri)) //验证请求URI .andExpect(jsonPath("$.name").value(user.getName())) //验证请求的JSON数据 .andRespond(withCreatedEntity(URI.create(createdLocation)).body(userJson).contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)); //添加响应信息 restTemplate.setMessageConverters(Arrays.<HttpMessageConverter<?>>asList(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter())); ResponseEntity<User> responseEntity = restTemplate.postForEntity(uri, user, User.class); assertEquals(createdLocation, responseEntity.getHeaders().get("Location").get(0)); assertEquals(HttpStatus.CREATED, responseEntity.getStatusCode()); assertEquals(user, responseEntity.getBody()); mockServer.verify(); }
提交XML数据进行新增
@Test public void testSaveWithXML() throws Exception { User user = new User(); user.setId(1L); user.setName("zhang"); ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); marshaller.marshal(user, new StreamResult(bos)); String userXml = bos.toString(); String uri = baseUri; String createdLocation = baseUri + "/" + 1; mockServer .expect(requestTo(uri)) //验证请求URI .andExpect(xpath("/user/name/text()").string(user.getName())) //验证请求的JSON数据 .andRespond(withCreatedEntity(URI.create(createdLocation)).body(userXml).contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_XML)); //添加响应信息 restTemplate.setMessageConverters(Arrays.<HttpMessageConverter<?>>asList(new Jaxb2RootElementHttpMessageConverter())); ResponseEntity<User> responseEntity = restTemplate.postForEntity(uri, user, User.class); assertEquals(createdLocation, responseEntity.getHeaders().get("Location").get(0)); assertEquals(HttpStatus.CREATED, responseEntity.getStatusCode()); assertEquals(user, responseEntity.getBody()); mockServer.verify(); }
测试修改
@Test public void testUpdate() throws Exception { User user = new User(); user.setId(1L); user.setName("zhang"); String uri = baseUri + "/{id}"; mockServer .expect(requestTo(uri)) //验证请求URI .andExpect(jsonPath("$.name").value(user.getName())) //验证请求的JSON数据 .andRespond(withNoContent()); //添加响应信息 restTemplate.setMessageConverters(Arrays.<HttpMessageConverter<?>>asList(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter())); ResponseEntity responseEntity = restTemplate.exchange(uri, HttpMethod.PUT, new HttpEntity<>(user), (Class) null, user.getId()); assertEquals(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT, responseEntity.getStatusCode()); mockServer.verify(); }
测试删除
@Test public void testDelete() throws Exception { String uri = baseUri + "/{id}"; Long id = 1L; mockServer .expect(requestTo(baseUri + "/" + id)) //验证请求URI .andRespond(withSuccess()); //添加响应信息 ResponseEntity responseEntity = restTemplate.exchange(uri, HttpMethod.DELETE, HttpEntity.EMPTY, (Class) null, id); assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, responseEntity.getStatusCode()); mockServer.verify(); }
通过Mock Server的最大好处是不需要启动服务器,且不需要服务预先存在就可以测试;如果服务已经存在,通过Spring Boot进行测试也是个不错的选择。
再来回顾下测试步骤
1、准备测试环境
首先创建RestTemplate,然后通过MockRestServiceServer.createServer(restTemplate)创建一个Mock Server,其会自动设置restTemplate的requestFactory为RequestMatcherClientHttpRequestFactory(restTemplate发送请求时都通过ClientHttpRequestFactory创建ClientHttpRequest)。
2、调用API
即restTemplate.getForEntity(uri, User.class, id)访问rest web service;
3、断言验证
3.1、客户端请求断言验证
如mockServer.expect(requestTo(requestUri)).andExpect(method(HttpMethod.GET)):即会验证之后通过restTemplate发送请求的uri是requestUri,且请求方法是GET;
3.2、服务端响应断言验证
首先通过mockServer.andRespond(withSuccess(new ObjectMapper().writeValueAsString(user), MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON));返回给客户端响应信息;
然后restTemplate就可以得到ResponseEntity,之后就可以通过断言进行验证了;
4、 卸载测试环境
对于单元测试步骤请参考:加速Java应用开发速度3——单元/集成测试+CI。
测试示例请参考
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