Linux集群架构

程序员文章站 2022-07-15 10:10:02

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Name	Version
CentOS 7	3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Aug 22 21:09:27 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Nginx	nginx-1.12.1
keepalived	keepalived.x86_64 0:1.3.5-6.el7

集群介绍

根据功能划分为两大类：高可用和负载均衡
高可用集群通常为两台服务器，一台工作，另外一台作为冗余，当提供服务的机器宕机，冗余将接替继续提供服务
实现高可用的开源软件有：heartbeat、keepalived
负载均衡集群，需要有一台服务器作为分发器，它负责把用户的请求分发给后端的服务器处理，在这个集群里，除了分发器外，就是给用户提供服务的服务器了，这些服务器数量至少为2
实现负载均衡的开源软件有LVS、keepalived、haproxy、nginx，商业的有F5、Netscaler

keepalived介绍

在这里我们使用keepalived来实现高可用集群，因为heartbeat在centos6上有一些问题，影响实验效果
keepalived通过VRRP（Virtual Router Redundancy Protocl）来实现高可用。
在这个协议里会将多台功能相同的路由器组成一个小组，这个小组里会有1个master角色和N（N>=1）个backup角色。
master会通过组播的形式向各个backup发送VRRP协议的数据包，当backup收不到master发来的VRRP数据包时，就会认为master宕机了。此时就需要根据各个backup的优先级来决定谁成为新的mater。
Keepalived要有三个模块，分别是core、check和vrrp。其中core模块为keepalived的核心，负责主进程的启动、维护以及全局配置文件的加载和解析，check模块负责健康检查，vrrp模块是来实现VRRP协议的。

用keepalived配置高可用集群

准备两台机器128和130，128作为master，130作为backup
两台机器都执行yum install -y keepalived
两台机器都安装nginx，其中128上已经编译安装过nginx，130上需要yum安装nginx: yum install -y nginx
设定vip为100，编辑128上keepalived配置文件，内容从https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/aminglinux-book/git/blob/master/D21Z/master_keepalived.conf获取

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
  ##快速清空文本的快捷方式##
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# > !$
  > /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
  global_defs {
     notification_email {
       aaa@qq.com
     }
     notification_email_from aaa@qq.com
     smtp_server 127.0.0.1
     smtp_connect_timeout 30
     router_id LVS_DEVEL
  }
  
  vrrp_script chk_nginx {
      script "/usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh"
      interval 3
  }
  
  vrrp_instance VI_1 {
      state MASTER
      interface ens33
      virtual_router_id 51
      priority 100
      advert_int 1
      authentication {
          auth_type PASS
          auth_pass zyshanlinux>com
      }
      virtual_ipaddress {
          192.168.106.100
      }
      
      track_script {
          chk_nginx 
      }
      
  }       
  -- 插入 --

配置文件说明图

Linux集群架构

130编辑监控脚本，内容从https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/aminglinux-book/git/blob/master/D21Z/master_check_ng.sh获取，给脚本755权限。

  ##检测脚本是/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf里面定义的##
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh
  #!/bin/bash
  #时间变量，用于记录日志
  d=`date --date today +%Y%m%d_%H:%M:%S`
  #计算nginx进程数量
  n=`ps -C nginx --no-heading|wc -l`
  #如果进程为0，则启动nginx，并且再次检测nginx进程数量，
  #如果还为0，说明nginx无法启动，此时需要关闭keepalived
  if [ $n -eq "0" ]; then
          /etc/init.d/nginx start
          n2=`ps -C nginx --no-heading|wc -l`
          if [ $n2 -eq "0"  ]; then
                  echo "$d nginx down,keepalived will stop" >> /var/log/check_ng.log
                  systemctl stop keepalived
          fi
  fi
  
  
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# chmod 755 /usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ls -l !$
  ls -l /usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh
  -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 567 7月  22 21:52 /usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh

Linux集群架构

128启动keepalived服务

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ps aux |grep keep
  root      1766  0.0  0.0 112720   972 pts/0    S+   21:57   0:00 grep --color=auto keep
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start  keepalived
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ps aux |grep keep
  root      1774  0.0  0.0 118652  1396 ?        Ss   21:57   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1775  0.0  0.1 129580  3304 ?        S    21:57   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1776  0.3  0.1 129520  2840 ?        R    21:57   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1789  0.0  0.0 112720   972 pts/0    R+   21:57   0:00 grep --color=auto keep
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ps aux |grep nginx
  root      1173  0.0  0.0  46032  1280 ?        Ss   21:10   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  nobody    1182  0.0  0.2  48520  4176 ?        S    21:10   0:00 nginx: worker process
  nobody    1183  0.0  0.2  48520  3920 ?        S    21:10   0:00 nginx: worker process
  root      1960  0.0  0.0 112720   968 pts/0    R+   21:58   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx

nginx服务即使停止也会自动启动。

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# /etc/init.d/nginx stop
  Stopping nginx (via systemctl):                            [  确定  ]
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# !ps
  ps aux |grep nginx
  root      2150  0.0  0.0  46032  1280 ?        Ss   22:00   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  nobody    2154  0.0  0.2  48520  3920 ?        S    22:00   0:00 nginx: worker process
  nobody    2155  0.0  0.2  48520  3920 ?        S    22:00   0:00 nginx: worker process
  root      2169  0.0  0.0 112720   972 pts/0    R+   22:00   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx

命令ip add才能看到100的IP，ifconfig就看不到了

Linux集群架构

检查防火墙是否关闭。

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# iptables -nvL
  Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
  
  Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
  
  Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# getenforce
  Disabled

从上也要关闭防火墙。

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# iptables -nvL
  Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
  
  Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
  
  Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# getenforce
  Enforcing
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# setenforce 0
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# getenforce
  Permissive

130上编辑配置文件，内容从https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/aminglinux-book/git/blob/master/D21Z/backup_keepalived.conf获取

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# > !$
  > /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

Linux集群架构

130上编辑监控脚本，内容从https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/aminglinux-book/git/blob/master/D21Z/backup_check_ng.sh获取，如果你是编译安装的脚本就要用/etc/init.d/nginx start，如果是yum安装的就要用systemctl start nginx，根据实际情况来。

Linux集群架构

给脚本755权限，130上也启动服务 systemctl start keepalived

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# chmod 755 !$
  chmod 755 /usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ls -l !$
  ls -l /usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh
  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 555 7月  22 22:30 /usr/local/sbin/check_ng.sh
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start keepalived
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ps aux |grep kee
  root      1590  0.0  0.0 118652  1400 ?        Ss   22:32   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1591  0.0  0.1 127516  3304 ?        S    22:32   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1592  0.1  0.1 127456  2844 ?        S    22:32   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1631  0.0  0.0 112720   968 pts/0    R+   22:32   0:00 grep --color=auto kee
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl restart keepalived
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ps aux |grep kee
  root      1711  0.0  0.0 118652  1392 ?        Ss   22:32   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1712  0.0  0.1 127516  3292 ?        S    22:32   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1713  0.3  0.1 127456  2836 ?        S    22:32   0:00 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
  root      1723  0.0  0.0 112724   972 pts/0    S+   22:32   0:00 grep --color=auto kee

区分主从之间的nginx

主：源码包安装nginx的路径

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# cat /data/wwwroot/default/index.html
  master master.This is a default site.

Linux集群架构

从：yum安装nginx的路径

  [aaa@qq.com src]# cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
  backup backup.

Linux集群架构

virtual_ipaddress:访问的是master，v-ip在master上

Linux集群架构

测试高可用

先确定好两台机器上nginx差异，比如可以通过curl -I 来查看nginx版本
测试1：关闭master上的nginx服务

无法关闭，keepalived会重新启动nginx。

测试2：在master上增加iptabls规则：iptables -I OUTPUT -p vrrp -j DROP

也无法测试出想要的效果，主服务继续启用没有宕机的效果。

测试3：关闭master上的keepalived服务

主丢失v_ip，查看日志发现keepalived断开的问题

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ip add
  1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
      link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
      inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:a1:d4:eb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      inet 192.168.106.128/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet 192.168.106.100/32 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet 192.168.106.150/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global secondary ens33:0
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 fe80::8fc3:bbdf:ba89:22a7/64 scope link 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:a1:d4:f5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl stop keepalived
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ip add
  1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
      link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
      inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:a1:d4:eb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      inet 192.168.106.128/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet 192.168.106.150/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global secondary ens33:0
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 fe80::8fc3:bbdf:ba89:22a7/64 scope link 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:a1:d4:f5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# less /var/log/messages
  Jul 22 23:54:26 zyshanlinux-001 Keepalived[1774]: Stopping
  Jul 22 23:54:26 zyshanlinux-001 systemd: Stopping LVS and VRRP High Availability Monitor...
  Jul 22 23:54:26 zyshanlinux-001 Keepalived_vrrp[1776]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) sent 0 priority
  Jul 22 23:54:26 zyshanlinux-001 Keepalived_vrrp[1776]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) removing protocol VIPs.
  Jul 22 23:54:26 zyshanlinux-001 Keepalived_healthcheckers[1775]: Stopped
  Jul 22 23:54:27 zyshanlinux-001 Keepalived_vrrp[1776]: Stopped
  Jul 22 23:54:27 zyshanlinux-001 systemd: Stopped LVS and VRRP High Availability Monitor.
  Jul 22 23:54:27 zyshanlinux-001 Keepalived[1774]: Stopped Keepalived v1.3.5 (03/19,2017), git commit v1.3.5-6-g6fa32f2

从监听v_ip，日志显示具体过程

  [aaa@qq.com src]# ip add
  1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
      link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
      inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:29:ed:0e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      inet 192.168.106.130/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet 192.168.106.100/32 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 fe80::3c7e:461a:5056:da7d/64 scope link 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  3: ens37: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:29:ed:18 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      [aaa@qq.com src]# tail /var/log/messages
  Jul 22 23:54:31 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:31 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:31 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:31 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:36 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:36 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending/queueing gratuitous ARPs on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:36 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:36 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:36 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100
  Jul 22 23:54:36 zyshanlinux-02 Keepalived_vrrp[1733]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 192.168.106.100

测试4：启动master上的keepalived服务

主：重新监听v_ip

  [aaa@qq.com ~]# systemctl start keepalived
  [aaa@qq.com ~]# ip add
  1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
      link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
      inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:a1:d4:eb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      inet 192.168.106.128/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet 192.168.106.100/32 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet 192.168.106.150/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global secondary ens33:0
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 fe80::8fc3:bbdf:ba89:22a7/64 scope link 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:a1:d4:f5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      inet6 fe80::7285:a690:d34:bb0c/64 scope link 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

从：丢失v_ip

  [aaa@qq.com src]# ip add
  1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
      link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
      inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:29:ed:0e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      inet 192.168.106.130/24 brd 192.168.106.255 scope global ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 fe80::3c7e:461a:5056:da7d/64 scope link 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  3: ens37: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:29:ed:18 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

负载均衡集群介绍

主流开源软件LVS、keepalived、haproxy、nginx等
其中LVS属于4层（网络OSI 7层模型），nginx属于7层，haproxy既可以认为是4层，也可以当做7层使用
keepalived的负载均衡功能其实就是lvs
lvs这种4层的负载均衡是可以分发除80外的其他端口通信的，比如MySQL的，而nginx仅仅支持http，https，mail，haproxy也支持MySQL这种
相比较来说，LVS这种4层的更稳定，能承受更多的请求，而nginx这种7层的更加灵活，能实现更多的个性化需求

LVS介绍

LVS是由国人章文嵩开发
流行度不亚于apache的httpd，基于TCP/IP做的路由和转发，稳定性和效率很高
LVS最新版本基于Linux内核2.6，有好多年不更新了
LVS有三种常见的模式：NAT、DR、IP Tunnel
LVS架构中有一个核心角色叫做分发器（Load balance），它用来分发用户的请求，还有诸多处理用户请求的服务器（Real Server，简称rs）

Linux集群架构

LVS的调度算法

轮询 Round-Robin rr
加权轮询 Weight Round-Robin wrr
最小连接 Least-Connection lc
加权最小连接 Weight Least-Connection wlc
基于局部性的最小连接 Locality-Based Least Connections lblc
带复制的基于局部性最小连接 Locality-Based Least Connections with Replication lblcr
目标地址散列调度 Destination Hashing dh
源地址散列调度 Source Hashing sh

LVS NAT模式搭建

三台机器分发器，也叫调度器（简写为dir）内网：133.130，外网：142.147（vmware仅主机模式） rs1 内网：133.132，设置网关为133.130 rs2 内网：133.133，设置网关为133.130 三台机器上都执行执行 systemctl stop firewalld; systemc disable firewalld systemctl start iptables-services; iptables -F; service iptables save

在dir上安装ipvsadm yum install -y ipvsdam 在dir上编写脚本，vim /usr/local/sbin/lvs_nat.sh//内容如下

  #! /bin/bash
  # director 服务器上开启路由转发功能
  echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
  # 关闭icmp的重定向
  echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/send_redirects
  echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/send_redirects
  # 注意区分网卡名字，阿铭的两个网卡分别为ens33和ens37
  echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/ens33/send_redirects
  echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/ens37/send_redirects
  # director 设置nat防火墙
  iptables -t nat -F
  iptables -t nat -X
  iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.133.0/24  -j MASQUERADE
  # director设置ipvsadm
  IPVSADM='/usr/sbin/ipvsadm'
  $IPVSADM -C
  $IPVSADM -A -t 192.168.147.144:80 -s wlc -p 3
  $IPVSADM -a -t 192.168.147.144:80 -r 192.168.133.132:80 -m -w 1
  $IPVSADM -a -t 192.168.147.144:80 -r 192.168.133.133:80 -m -w 1

NAT模式效果测试

两台rs上都安装nginx 设置两台rs的主页，做一个区分，也就是说直接curl两台rs的ip时，得到不同的结果浏览器里访问192.168.142.147，多访问几次看结果差异

拓展：

keepalived 默认报警设置使用外部邮箱http://blog.51cto.com/6764097/1954158

HAProxy+Keepalived配置邮件报警，会话保存机制和TCP端口范围(三)

https://blog.csdn.net/HzSunshine/article/details/62052398

LVS介绍及工作原理图解http://blog.51cto.com/jiekeyang/1839583

Linux集群架构

集群介绍

keepalived介绍

用keepalived配置高可用集群

负载均衡集群介绍

LVS介绍

LVS的调度算法

LVS NAT模式搭建

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