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ping 命令详解 - DSCP

程序员文章站 2022-06-30 20:48:50
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https://www.jianshu.com/p/0cb93b7b4f64

Linux命令参数详细解析-ping

  • 概要
    ping [-aAbBdDfhLnOqrRUvV] [-c count] [-F flowlabel] [-i interval] [-I inter‐
    face] [-l preload] [-m mark] [-M pmtudisc_option] [-N nodeinfo_option] [-w
    deadline] [-W timeout] [-p pattern] [-Q tos] [-s packetsize] [-S sndbuf] [-t
    ttl] [-T timestamp option] [hop ...] destination

  • 描述
    ping uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an
    ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (''pings'') have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a struct timeval and then
    an arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used to fill out the packet.
    ping6 is IPv6 version of ping, and can also send Node Information Queries
    (RFC4620). Intermediate hops may not be allowed, because IPv6 source routing
    was deprecated (RFC5095).

  • 操作

 -a     Audible ping.

 -A     Adaptive ping. Interpacket interval adapts to round-trip time, so that
        effectively not more than one (or more, if preload is set)  unanswered
        probe  is   present in the network. Minimal interval is 200msec for not
        super-user.  On networks with low rtt this mode is essentially equiva‐
        lent to flood mode.

 -b     Allow pinging a broadcast address.

 -B     Do  not allow ping to change source address of probes.  The address is
        bound to one selected when ping starts.

 -c count
        Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets. With  deadline  option,
        ping waits for count ECHO_REPLY packets, until the timeout expires.

 -d     Set  the  SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used.  Essentially, this
        socket option is not used by Linux kernel.

 -D     Print timestamp (unix time + microseconds as in  gettimeofday)  before
        each line.

 -f     Flood  ping.  For  every  ECHO_REQUEST sent a period ``.'' is printed,
        while for ever ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed.  This  pro‐
        vides  a  rapid  display  of  how  many packets are being dropped.  If
        interval is not given, it sets interval to zero and outputs packets as
        fast  as  they come back or one hundred times per second, whichever is
        more.  Only the super-user may use this option with zero interval.

 -F flow label
        ping6 only.  Allocate and set 20 bit  flow  label  (in  hex)  on  echo
        request  packets.   If  value  is  zero,  kernel allocates random flow
        label.

 -h     Show help.

 -i interval
        Wait interval seconds between sending each packet.  The default is  to
        wait  for  one  second between each packet normally, or not to wait in
        flood mode. Only super-user may set interval to values less  0.2  sec‐
        onds.
 -I interface
        interface is either an address, or an interface name.  If interface is
        an address, it sets source address to specified interface address.  If
        interface  in an interface name, it sets source interface to specified
        interface.  For ping6, when doing ping to a link-local scope  address,
        link  specification  (by  the  '%'-notation in destination, or by this
        option) is required.

 -l preload
        If preload is specified, ping sends that many packets not waiting  for
        reply.  Only the super-user may select preload more than 3.

 -L     Suppress loopback of multicast packets.  This flag only applies if the
        ping destination is a multicast address.

 -m mark
        use mark to tag the packets going out. This is useful for  variety  of
        reasons  within the kernel such as using policy routing to select spe‐
        cific outbound processing.
 -n     Numeric output only.  No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names
        for host addresses.

 -O     Report  outstanding  ICMP ECHO reply before sending next packet.  This
        is useful together with the timestamp -D to log output to a diagnostic
        file and search for missing answers.

 -p pattern
        You  may  specify  up  to  16 ``pad'' bytes to fill out the packet you
        send.  This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a net‐
        work.  For example, -p ff will cause the sent packet to be filled with
        all ones.

 -q     Quiet output.  Nothing  is  displayed  except  the  summary  lines  at
        startup time and when finished.

 -Q tos Set  Quality  of  Service -related bits in ICMP datagrams.  tos can be
        decimal (ping only) or hex number.
-r     Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to  a  host  on  an
        attached  interface.   If  the host is not on a directly-attached net‐
        work, an error is returned.  This option can be used to ping  a  local
        host  through  an  interface that has no route through it provided the
        option -I is also used.

 -R     ping only.  Record route.  Includes the  RECORD_ROUTE  option  in  the
        ECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the route buffer on returned packets.
        Note that the IP header is only large enough  for  nine  such  routes.
        Many hosts ignore or discard this option.

 -s packetsize
        Specifies  the  number  of  data bytes to be sent.  The default is 56,
        which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes  when  combined  with  the  8
        bytes of ICMP header data.

 -S sndbuf
        Set socket sndbuf. If not specified, it is selected to buffer not more
        than one packet.
 -t ttl ping only.  Set the IP Time to Live.

 -T timestamp option
        Set special IP timestamp options.   timestamp  option  may  be  either
        tsonly  (only  timestamps),  tsandaddr  (timestamps  and addresses) or
        tsprespec host1 [host2 [host3 [host4]]] (timestamp prespecified hops).

 -U     Print full user-to-user latency (the  old  behaviour).  Normally  ping
        prints network round trip time, which can be different f.e. due to DNS
        failures.

 -v     Verbose output.

 -V     Show version and exit.

-w deadline
        Specify a timeout, in seconds, before ping  exits  regardless  of  how
        many  packets  have  been sent or received. In this case ping does not
        stop after count packet are sent, it waits either for deadline  expire
        or until count probes are answered or for some error notification from
        network.

 -W timeout
        Time to wait for a response, in seconds. The option affects only time‐
        out in absence of any responses, otherwise ping waits for two RTTs.

 

 

 

http://help.sonicwall.com/help/sw/eng/7110/26/2/4/content/Firewall_Managing_QoS.088.3.html

DSCP Marking

DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) marking uses 6-bits of the 8-bit ToS field in the IP Header to provide up to 64 classes (or code points) for traffic. Since DSCP is a layer 3 marking method, there is no concern about compatibility as there is with 802.1p marking. Devices that do not support DSCP will simply ignore the tags, or at worst, they will reset the tag value to 0.

Figure 43. DSCP marking: IP packet

 

The above diagram depicts an IP packet, with a close-up on the ToS portion of the header. The ToS bits were originally used for Precedence and ToS (delay, throughput, reliability, and cost) settings, but were later repurposed by RFC2474 for the more versatile DSCP settings.

The following table shows the commonly used code points, as well as their mapping to the legacy Precedence and ToS settings.

 

Table 123. DSCP marking: Commonly used code points

DSCP

DSCP Description

Legacy IP Precedence

Legacy IP ToS (D, T, R)

0

Best effort

0 (Routine – 000)

-

8

Class 1

1 (Priority – 001)

-

10

Class 1, gold (AF11)

1 (Priority – 001)

T

12

Class 1, silver (AF12)

1 (Priority – 001)

D

14

Class 1, bronze (AF13)

1 (Priority – 001)

D, T

16

Class 2

2 (Immediate – 010)

-

18

Class 2, gold (AF21)

2 (Immediate – 010)

T

20

Class 2, silver (AF22)

2 (Immediate – 010)

D

22

Class 2, bronze (AF23)

2 (Immediate – 010)

D, T

24

Class 3

3 (Flash – 011)

-

26

Class 3, gold (AF31)

3 (Flash – 011)

T

27

Class 3, silver (AF32)

3 (Flash – 011)

D

30

Class 3, bronze (AF33)

3 (Flash – 011)

D, T

32

Class 4

4 (Flash Override – 100)

-

34

Class 4, gold (AF41)

4 (Flash Override – 100)

T

36

Class 4, silver (AF42)

4 (Flash Override – 100)

D

38

Class 4, bronze (AF43)

4 (Flash Override – 100)

D, T

40

Express forwarding

5 (CRITIC/ECP1 – 101)

-

46

Expedited forwarding (EF)

5 (CRITIC/ECP – 101)

D, T

48

Control

6 (Internet Control – 110)

-

56

Control

7 (Network Control – 111)

-


1

ECP: Elliptic Curve Group

 

DSCP marking can be performed on traffic to/from any interface and to/from any zone type, without exception. DSCP marking is controlled by Access Rules, from the QoS tab, and can be used in conjunction with 802.1p marking, as well as with SonicOS’ internal bandwidth management.

 

ping 命令详解 - DSCP

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