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Docker基本操作

程序员文章站 2022-03-12 12:20:43
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简述docker一些常用的操作
  1. 查看到docker是否正常运行
    docker info
[email protected]:~$ sudo docker info 
Containers: 82
Images: 37
Server Version: 1.9.1
Storage Driver: aufs
 Root Dir: /var/lib/docker/aufs
 Backing Filesystem: extfs
 Dirs: 201
 Dirperm1 Supported: false
Execution Driver: native-0.2
Logging Driver: json-file
Kernel Version: 3.13.0-32-generic
Operating System: Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS
CPUs: 1
Total Memory: 986.8 MiB
Name: ubuntu
ID: SZML:DAOQ:6BT5:4QJP:KQSX:NBXL:KBQG:HUF5:CVKQ:LIVI:V55U:24BH

返回所有docker所有容器和镜像的数量,docker使用的执行驱动和存储驱动,以及docker的基本配置docker 是一个客户端——服务器框架,它有一个docker程序,既能作为客户端,也能作为服务器端。作为客户端时,docker程序向Docker守护进程发送请求(如请求返回守护进程自身的信息),然后再对请求结果进行处理

  1. 列出镜像
    docker images
[email protected]:~$ sudo docker images 
REPOSITORY                    TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             VIRTUAL SIZE
andrew-site                   v1.0.0              4e51341b8ec2        4 months ago        628 MB
my                            v2                  f8fc45357f55        4 months ago        504.1 MB

镜像从仓库下载下来,镜像保存在仓库中,仓库存在于Registry,默认的Registry是由docker公司运营的Registry服务,即docker hub
本地镜像保存在docker宿主机的/var/lib/docker目录下,每个镜像都保存在docker所采用的存储驱动下,如aufs或devicemapper,在/var/lib/docker/containers目录下可以看到所有的容器

  1. 拉取镜像
docker pull ${镜像名}

docker会从镜像仓库中搜索相关镜像,如果找到,则下载相关镜像

  1. 查找镜像
    docker search ${镜像名}
[email protected]:~$ sudo docker search ubuntu
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
ubuntu                            Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating s...   4629      [OK]       
ubuntu-upstart                    Upstart is an event-based replacement for ...   66        [OK]       
rastasheep/ubuntu-sshd            Dockerized SSH service, built on top of of...   37                   [OK]
torusware/speedus-ubuntu          Always updated official Ubuntu docker imag...   27                   [OK]
ubuntu-debootstrap                debootstrap --variant=minbase --components...   25        [OK]       
nickistre/ubuntu-lamp             LAMP server on Ubuntu                           8                    [OK]
nuagebec/ubuntu                   Simple always updated Ubuntu docker images...   8                    [OK]
nickistre/ubuntu-lamp-wordpress   LAMP on Ubuntu with wp-cli installed            6                    [OK]
nimmis/ubuntu                     This is a docker images different LTS vers...   5                    [OK]
maxexcloo/ubuntu                  Base image built on Ubuntu with init, Supe...   2                    [OK]
darksheer/ubuntu                  Base Ubuntu Image -- Updated hourly             1                    [OK]
admiringworm/ubuntu               Base ubuntu images based on the official u...   1                    [OK]
jordi/ubuntu                      Ubuntu Base Image                               1                    [OK]
datenbetrieb/ubuntu               custom flavor of the official ubuntu base ...   0                    [OK]
lynxtp/ubuntu                     https://github.com/lynxtp/docker-ubuntu         0                    [OK]
dorapro/ubuntu                    ubuntu image                                    0                    [OK]
webhippie/ubuntu                  Docker images for ubuntu                        0                    [OK]
croscon/ubuntu                    Crosconized Ubuntu                              0                    [OK]
life360/ubuntu                    Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating s...   0                    [OK]
esycat/ubuntu                     Ubuntu LTS                                      0                    [OK]
widerplan/ubuntu                  Our basic Ubuntu images.                        0                    [OK]
teamrock/ubuntu                   TeamRock's Ubuntu image configured with AW...   0                    [OK]
ustclug/ubuntu                    ubuntu image for docker with USTC mirror        0                    [OK]
konstruktoid/ubuntu               Ubuntu base image                               0                    [OK]
smartentry/ubuntu                 ubuntu with smartentry                          0                    [OK]
[email protected]:~$ 

在docker hub上查找所有的ubuntu镜像
返回信息:
仓库名
镜像描述
用户评价(Stars)——反应出一个镜像的受欢迎程度
是否官方(Official)
自动构建(Automated)——表示这个镜像是由Docker Hub的自动构建的

  1. 运行容器
    docker run -i -t ${镜像名}: ${tag} /bin/bash

1、告诉docker执行docker run命令
2、-i保证容器中的STDIN是开启的(持久化输入是shell的半边天)
3、-t告诉容器要为其分配一个伪TTY终端(shell的另外半边天)
注:可以使用docker help run 或者man docker run 查看相关标志参数
4、基于andrew-site:v1.0.0镜像创建容器
5、docker在新容器中运行/bin/bash命令,启动一个Bash shell

过程:
(1)docker首先检查本地是否存在andrew-site:v1.0.0镜像,如果本地没有该镜像的话,那么docker就会连接到Registry,查看是否存在该镜像
(2)docker一旦找到该镜像,就会下载该镜像并将其保存到本地宿主机中
(3)随后,docker在文件系统内部有这个镜像创建一个新容器,该容器拥有自己的网络,IP地址,以及一个用来和宿主机通信的桥接网络接口
(4)最后告诉docker在新容器中运行/bin/bash命令,启动一个Bash shell

  1. 容器命名
    docker会为我们创建的每一个容器自动生成一个随机的名称,如 adoring_hopper, 如果想为容器指定一个名称,可以使用--name标志来实现
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker run --name name_test -i -t andrew-site:v1.0.0 /bin/bash
[email protected]:/andrewSite# 

上述命令会创建一个名为name_test 的容器,合法的命名包含以下字符:小写字母a-z,大写字母A-Z,数字0-9,下划线、圆点、横线
正则[a-zA-Z0-9_.-]
容器的命名必须是唯一的。如果我们创建2个名称相同的容器,则命名将会失败

  1. 重新启动已停止的容器
    docker start ${容器名称}/${容器iD}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker start name_test
name_test

也可以使用

docker restart ${容器名称}/${容器iD}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker restart name_test
name_test
  1. 附着到容器上
    docker attach ${容器名称}/${容器iD}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker attach name_test
[email protected]:/andrewSite# 
  1. 创建守护进程式的容器
    docker run -d ${镜像名}: ${tag}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker run --name daemon_test -d andrew-site:v1.0.0
991c0927c9b1cb1fb51e34a1ae0cd364dbbadd47d9a5687c7db7363c5170d777
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
991c0927c9b1        andrew-site:v1.0.0   "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   7 seconds ago       Up 6 seconds        80/tcp              daemon_test

-d 将容器保持在后台运行(前提容器里程序不能退出)

  1. 查看容器运行日志
    docker logs ${容器名称}/${容器iD}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker logs daemon_test
[E 160906 07:40:16 services_start:33] current server address: 172.17.0.2:80
[I 160906 07:40:16 locale:140] Supported locales: ['en_US', 'ja_JP', 'zh_CN']

docker 会输出最后几条日志项并返回,也可以使用-f参数监控docker日志,与tail -f 命令相似

docker logs -f ${容器名称}/${容器iD}

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker logs -f daemon_test
[E 160906 07:40:16 services_start:33] current server address: 172.17.0.2:80
[I 160906 07:40:16 locale:140] Supported locales: ['en_US', 'ja_JP', 'zh_CN']

也可以跟踪容器日志的某一片段,只需要在tail 后面加入-f --lines
如:

(1)docker logs --tail 10 -f ${容器名称}/${容器iD} 获取日志的最后十行

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker logs --tail 10 -f daemon_test
[I 160906 07:40:16 locale:140] Supported locales: ['en_US', 'ja_JP', 'zh_CN']

(2)docker logs --tail 0 -f ${容器名称}/${容器iD} 跟踪容器的最新日志

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker logs --tail 0 -f daemon_test

为了调试更简单,我们还可以使用-t标志为每条日志项加上时间戳

docker logs -ft ${容器名称}/${容器iD}

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker logs -ft daemon_test
2016-09-06T07:40:16.712357005Z [E 160906 07:40:16 services_start:33] current server address: 172.17.0.2:80
2016-09-06T07:40:16.731046798Z [I 160906 07:40:16 locale:140] Supported locales: ['en_US', 'ja_JP', 'zh_CN']
  1. 查看容器内的进程
    docker top ${容器名称}/${容器iD}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker top daemon_test
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                13815               1508                0                   15:40               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/sh -c python /andrewSite/manage.py --port=80
root                13825               13815               0                   15:40               ?                   00:00:00            python /andrewSite/manage.py --port=80
  1. 在容器内部运行进程
    在容器内部运行后台进程
docker exec -d ${容器名称}/${容器iD} touch /tmp/new_file
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker exec -d daemon_test touch /tmp/new_file
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ 

在容器内部运行交互命令

docker exec -i -t ${容器名称}/${容器iD} /bin/bash
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker exec -i -t daemon_test /bin/bash
[email protected]:/andrewSite# 
  1. 停止守护式容器
    docker stop ${容器名称}/${容器iD}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker stop daemon_test
daemon_test

注:docker stop 命令会向容器进程发送SIGTERM信号,如果想快速停止可以使用docker kill发送SIGKILL信号

  1. 查看容器
    docker ps (显示正在运行的docker)
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
991c0927c9b1        andrew-site:v1.0.0   "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   9 minutes ago       Up 2 seconds        80/tcp              daemon_test

docker ps -a (显示所有docker,包括已退出)

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                                 COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
991c0927c9b1        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   9 minutes ago       Up 18 seconds               80/tcp              daemon_test
6eab7fdaab3e        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/bash"              25 minutes ago      Exited (0) 15 minutes ago                       name_test
1e700c32e95c        i71:5000/isee-video-yixun:v4.1.5.30   "/bin/bash"              10 weeks ago        Exited (0) 9 weeks ago                          desperate_mccarthy
9166129e6105        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   11 weeks ago        Exited (137) 11 weeks ago                       daemon1
229d18a74ec5        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "-d -p 20000:80"         11 weeks ago        Created                                         daemon
5affe32960c7        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/bash"              12 weeks ago        Exited (0) 12 weeks ago                         my_name_test
5dc39a01d48b        i71:5000/isee-file                    "/bin/bash"              12 weeks ago        Exited (0) 12 weeks ago                         adoring_hopper
c30c288cccc2        i71:5000/isee-file                    "/bin/bash"              12 weeks ago        Exited (0) 12 weeks ago                         evil_lichterman
73b7a25539f0        i71:5000/isee-resize                  "ImageCompress /bin/b"   12 weeks ago        Exited (1) 12 weeks ago                         backstabbing_albattani
04549918fcb4        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/bash"              3 months ago        Exited (0) 12 weeks ago                         serene_lalande
c89e85466d2f        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   3 months ago        Exited (1) 3 months ago                         clever_kalam
fbe4e3780598        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/bash"              3 months ago        Exited (130) 3 months ago                       test-site
0e1a8ff5c52c        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/bash"              4 months ago        Exited (0) 4 months ago                         big_dijkstra
da0b188806a8        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/bash"              4 months ago        Exited (130) 4 months ago                       jovial_lamarr
98d97845c3d7        i71:5000/isee-sms-yixun:v4.1.4.55     "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   4 months ago        Exited (137) 4 months ago                       stoic_rosalind
7b6b75db6d8d        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   4 months ago        Exited (137) 4 months ago                       elated_pasteur
6a3ee17b8f5b        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   4 months ago        Created                                         goofy_thompson
98d6fec1de29        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   4 months ago        Created                                         nostalgic_swanson
c96bce8edcae        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   4 months ago        Created                                         gloomy_goldberg
edbb85621f6e        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   4 months ago        Created                                         stupefied_heisenberg
314d7a7d7fac        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   4 months ago        Exited (137) 4 months ago                       serene_pike
27cb093780b1        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'p

docker ps -l (显示最后一个)

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
991c0927c9b1        andrew-site:v1.0.0   "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   9 minutes ago       Up 39 seconds       80/tcp              daemon_test

docker ps -n x(显示最后x个容器)

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker ps -n 5
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                                 COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
991c0927c9b1        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   10 minutes ago      Up About a minute           80/tcp              daemon_test
6eab7fdaab3e        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/bash"              26 minutes ago      Exited (0) 16 minutes ago                       name_test
1e700c32e95c        i71:5000/isee-video-yixun:v4.1.5.30   "/bin/bash"              10 weeks ago        Exited (0) 9 weeks ago                          desperate_mccarthy
9166129e6105        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "/bin/sh -c 'python /"   11 weeks ago        Exited (137) 11 weeks ago                       daemon1
229d18a74ec5        andrew-site:v1.0.0                    "-d -p 20000:80"         11 weeks ago        Created                                         daemon
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ 
  1. 自动重启docker
    由于某种错误导致容器停止运行,可以通过--restart 标志,让docker自动重启。
    --restart 标志会检查容器的退出代码,并根据此来决定是否重启容器,默认docker不会重启容器
sudo docker run --restart=always --name daemon_test andrew-site:v1.0.0

--restart 被设置为always,无论退出代码是什么都会重启
还可以将标志设置为on-failure 这样当容器退出代码为非0时,才会自动重启
on-failure还可以接受可选的重启次数如:--restart=on-failure:5

  1. 深入容器
    除了通过docker ps ,还可以通过docker inspect获取更多的容器信息
    docker inspect ${容器名称}/${容器iD}
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker inspect daemon_test 
[
{
    "Id": "991c0927c9b1cb1fb51e34a1ae0cd364dbbadd47d9a5687c7db7363c5170d777",
    "Created": "2016-09-06T07:40:16.363206933Z",
    "Path": "/bin/sh",
    "Args": [
        "-c",
        "python /andrewSite/manage.py --port=80"
    ],
    "State": {
        "Status": "running",
        "Running": true,
        "Paused": false,
        "Restarting": false,
        "OOMKilled": false,
        "Dead": false,
        "Pid": 14068,
        "ExitCode": 0,
        "Error": "",
        "StartedAt": "2016-09-06T07:49:33.647550223Z",
        "FinishedAt": "2016-09-06T07:48:47.666181288Z"
    },
    "Image": "4e51341b8ec2db42cf656162884972c58f07ea29cdcbda10696db11984c65191",
    ..........................
}
]

通过-f 或者--format选定查看结果

docker inspect -f='{{.State.Running}}' ${容器名称}/${容器iD}

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker inspect -f='{{.State.Running}}' daemon_test
true

返回容器的运行状态

docker inspect --format '{{.Name}} {{.State.Running}}' ${容器名称}/${容器iD} ${容器名称}/${容器iD}

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker inspect --format '{{.Name}} {{.State.Running}}' daemon_test name_test
/daemon_test true
/name_test false

同时指定多个容器,并显示每个容器的输出结果

  1. 删除容器

如果容器不使用我们可以使用docker rm命令删除它们
docker rm ${容器名称}/${容器iD}

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker rm 9166129e6105
9166129e6105

注:运行中的容器无法删除,必须使用docker stop 或者docker kill命令停止容器

[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker rm 991c0927c9b1
Error response from daemon: Conflict, You cannot remove a running container. Stop the container before attempting removal or use -f
Error: failed to remove containers: [991c0927c9b1]
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker stop 991c0927c9b1
991c0927c9b1
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ 
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ 
[email protected]:~/python-workspace/web-site$ sudo docker rm 991c0927c9b1
991c0927c9b1

目前还没有一次删除所有容器的命令,不过可以通过如下代码删除

sudo docker rm `docker ps -a -q`

-a 列出所有容器
-q 表示只返回容器的ID而不返回容器的其它信息
这样我们就可以得到容器的列表,并传给docker rm命令,达到删除所有容器目的

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