3-python包和模块-分类

• 标准包/模块
• 第三方包/模块
• 自定义包/模块

什么是标准模块？

• 安装pyhton后，电脑上面就存在的一些模块，可以直接导入使用。(os,sys,time,)
• 每个安装了python的用户电脑上都有这些模块，在一台电脑上面使用了系统模块的代码，到另外一台电脑也可以使用。
• 只是满足基本的功能需求，因此有下面的第三方和自定义模块，来瞒住更加高级的需求。
• 特殊：内置模块，不需要导入即可使用(builtins等)

# 特殊的内置模块
import builtins

# 进入模块看看，我们拷贝一部分测试
class int:
    @overload
    def __init__(self, x: Union[Text, bytes, SupportsInt] = ...) -> None: ...
    @overload
    def __init__(self, x: Union[Text, bytes, bytearray], base: int) -> None: ...

    @property
    def real(self) -> int: ...
    @property
    def imag(self) -> int: ...
    @property
    def numerator(self) -> int: ...
    @property
    def denominator(self) -> int: ...
    def conjugate(self) -> int: ...

    def bit_length(self) -> int: ...
    def to_bytes(self, length: int, byteorder: str, *, signed: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
    @classmethod
    def from_bytes(cls, bytes: Sequence[int], byteorder: str, *,
                   signed: bool = ...) -> int: ...  # TODO buffer object argument

    def __add__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __sub__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __mul__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __floordiv__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __truediv__(self, x: int) -> float: ...
    def __mod__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __divmod__(self, x: int) -> Tuple[int, int]: ...
    def __radd__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __rsub__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __rmul__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __rfloordiv__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __rtruediv__(self, x: int) -> float: ...
    def __rmod__(self, x: int) -> int: ...
    def __rdivmod__(self, x: int) -> Tuple[int, int]: ...
    def __pow__(self, x: int) -> Any: ...  # Return type can be int or float, depending on x.
    def __rpow__(self, x: int) -> Any: ...
    def __and__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __or__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __xor__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __lshift__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __rshift__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __rand__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __ror__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __rxor__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __rlshift__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __rrshift__(self, n: int) -> int: ...
    def __neg__(self) -> int: ...
    def __pos__(self) -> int: ...
    def __invert__(self) -> int: ...
    def __round__(self, ndigits: Optional[int] = ...) -> int: ...
    def __getnewargs__(self) -> Tuple[int]: ...

    def __eq__(self, x: object) -> bool: ...
    def __ne__(self, x: object) -> bool: ...
    def __lt__(self, x: int) -> bool: ...
    def __le__(self, x: int) -> bool: ...
    def __gt__(self, x: int) -> bool: ...
    def __ge__(self, x: int) -> bool: ...

    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
    def __float__(self) -> float: ...
    def __int__(self) -> int: ...
    def __abs__(self) -> int: ...
    def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
    def __index__(self) -> int: ...

class float:
    def __init__(self, x: Union[SupportsFloat, Text, bytes, bytearray] = ...) -> None: ...
    def as_integer_ratio(self) -> Tuple[int, int]: ...
    def hex(self) -> str: ...
    def is_integer(self) -> bool: ...
    @classmethod
    def fromhex(cls, s: str) -> float: ...

    @property
    def real(self) -> float: ...
    @property
    def imag(self) -> float: ...
    def conjugate(self) -> float: ...

    def __add__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __sub__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __mul__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __floordiv__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __truediv__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __mod__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __divmod__(self, x: float) -> Tuple[float, float]: ...
    def __pow__(self, x: float) -> float: ...  # In Python 3, returns complex if self is negative and x is not whole
    def __radd__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __rsub__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __rmul__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __rfloordiv__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __rtruediv__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __rmod__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __rdivmod__(self, x: float) -> Tuple[float, float]: ...
    def __rpow__(self, x: float) -> float: ...
    def __getnewargs__(self) -> Tuple[float]: ...
    @overload
    def __round__(self) -> int: ...
    @overload
    def __round__(self, ndigits: None) -> int: ...
    @overload
    def __round__(self, ndigits: int) -> float: ...

    def __eq__(self, x: object) -> bool: ...
    def __ne__(self, x: object) -> bool: ...
    def __lt__(self, x: float) -> bool: ...
    def __le__(self, x: float) -> bool: ...
    def __gt__(self, x: float) -> bool: ...
    def __ge__(self, x: float) -> bool: ...
    def __neg__(self) -> float: ...
    def __pos__(self) -> float: ...

    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
    def __int__(self) -> int: ...
    def __float__(self) -> float: ...
    def __abs__(self) -> float: ...
    def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...

class complex:
    @overload
    def __init__(self, re: float = ..., im: float = ...) -> None: ...
    @overload
    def __init__(self, s: str) -> None: ...
    @overload
    def __init__(self, s: SupportsComplex) -> None: ...

    @property
    def real(self) -> float: ...
    @property
    def imag(self) -> float: ...

    def conjugate(self) -> complex: ...

    def __add__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __sub__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __mul__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __pow__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __truediv__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __radd__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __rsub__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __rmul__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __rpow__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...
    def __rtruediv__(self, x: complex) -> complex: ...

    def __eq__(self, x: object) -> bool: ...
    def __ne__(self, x: object) -> bool: ...
    def __neg__(self) -> complex: ...
    def __pos__(self) -> complex: ...

    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
    def __complex__(self) -> complex: ...
    def __abs__(self) -> float: ...
    def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...

# 我们在程序中不需要导入即可使用
print(int(1.0))

# 运行结果
1

打印特殊模块看看,查看所有的内置模块

>>> import builtins
>>> dir(builtins)
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError', 'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopAsyncIteration', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']
>>> 

什么是第三方模块？

• 所谓第三方模块就是由其他开发人员编写，供其他开发人员使用的模块
• 有些功能，系统模块没有实现，第三方模块实现了，就需要用到第三方模块了
• 第三方模块需要下载安装才能运行
• 安装方式：pip install 模块名称
• 常用的第三方模块：

演示一下

什么是自定义模块？

• 自己编写好的一些模块，在自己的项目里面用
• 如果发布出去，就变成了第三方模块