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nginx安装和使用

程序员文章站 2022-06-11 16:19:42
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nginx

一、nginx的安装

下载地址: http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.4.2.tar.gz

安装准备: nginx依赖于pcre库,要先安装pcre

1、安装插件库

yum install pcre pcre-devel

2、切换到指定目录下

cd /usr/local/src/

3、下载nginx的软件

wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.4.2.tar.gz

4、解压nginx软件

tar zxvf nginx-1.4.2.tar.gz

5、编译nginx软件

cd nginx-1.4.2

./configure –prefix=/usr/local/nginx

6、进行nginx的安装

make && make install

7、启动nginx

./nginx

备注:

cd /ulsr/local/nginx, 看到如下4个目录

….conf 配置文件
… html 网页文件
…logs 日志文件
…sbin 主要二进制程序

启动常见错误:


[[email protected] nginx]# ./sbin/nginx
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
....
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] still could not bind()

解决方法:


不能绑定80端口,80端口已经被占用
(有时是自己装了apache,nginx等,还有更多情况是操作系统自带了apache并作为服务启动)
解决: 把占用80端口的软件或服务关闭即可.

安装错误:

安装nginx,执行make时,提示
make: * 没有规则可以创建“default”需要的目标“build”。 停止。
认真看./configure结果

如果错误为:pcre not found,安装需要安装pcre

yum install pcre*

如果错误为:the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.
You can either disable the module by using –without-http_gzip_module
option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib library
statically from the source with nginx by using –with-zlib= option.

则需要安装“zlib-devel”即可。

yum install -y zlib-devel

二、nginx信号量的使用

查看进程号 ps aux|grep nginx


Nginx的信号控制
TERM, INT Quick shutdown
QUIT Graceful shutdown 优雅的关闭进程,即等请求结束后再关闭
HUP Configuration reload ,Start the new worker processes with a new configuration Gracefully shutdown the
old worker processes改变配置文件,平滑的重读配置文件
USR1 Reopen the log files 重读日志,在日志按月/日分割时有用
USR2 Upgrade Executable on the fly 平滑的升级
WINCH Gracefully shutdown the worker processes 优雅关闭旧的进程(配合USR2来进行升级)

例如:优雅的关闭nginx kill -QUIT cat logs/nginx.pid 注意: “ 不是单引号


具体语法:
Kill -信号选项 nginx的主进程号
Kill -HUP 4873
Kill -信号控制 `cat /xxx/path/log/nginx.pid`
Kil; -USR1 `cat /xxx/path/log/nginx.pid`

另外,nginx也可以使用其他命令进行操作:

在nginx/sbin目录下输入 ./nginx -h 可以看到指令帮助

Usage: nginx [-?hvVtTq] [-s signal] [-c filename] [-p prefix] [-g directives]

Options:
-?,-h : this help
-v : show version and exit
-V : show version and configure options then exit
-t : test configuration and exit
-T : test configuration, dump it and exit
-q : suppress non-error messages during configuration testing
-s signal : send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen, reload
-p prefix : set prefix path (default: /usr/local/nginx/)
-c filename : set configuration file (default: conf/nginx.conf)
-g directives : set global directives out of configuration file

./nginx -s stop 强制停止

./nginx -s quit 优雅停止

./nginx -s reload 重读配置文件启动

三、nginx的配置

// 全局区
worker_processes 1; // 有1个工作的子进程,可以自行修改,但太大无益,因为要争夺CPU,一般设置为 CPU数*核数

Event {
// 一般是配置nginx连接的特性
// 如1个word能同时允许多少连接
worker_connections 1024; // 这是指 一个子进程最大允许连1024个连接
}

http { //这是配置http服务器的主要段
Server1 { // 这是虚拟主机段

        Location {  //定位,把特殊的路径或文件再次定位 ,如image目录单独处理
        }             /// 如.php单独处理

 }

 Server2 {
 }

}

例子1: 基于域名的虚拟主机

server {
    listen 80;  #监听端口
    server_name a.com; #监听域名

    location / {
            root /var/www/a.com;   #根目录定位
            index index.html;
    }
}

例子2: 基于端口的虚拟主机配置

server {
    listen 8080;
    server_name 192.168.1.204;

    location / {
            root /var/www/html8080;
            index index.html;
    }
}

实际使用案例:

user root;
worker_processes 1;

events {
worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;

log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log  logs/access.log  main;
sendfile        on;
#tcp_nopush     on;
#keepalive_timeout  0;
keepalive_timeout  65;
#gzip  on;
upstream mynginx {
    server 45.78.9.159:8094;
    #server 45.78.9.159:8094 weight=5;
    #server 45.78.9.159:8098 weight=1;
}
server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  www.wtdig.top;
    #charset koi8-r;
    access_log  logs/wtdig.access.log  main;
root /usr/tomcat/tomcat1/webapps/wtdig;
index index.html index.htm index.jsp default.jsp index.do default.do;

location ~* .*\.(html|htm|js|css)$ {
    expires 1h;
}

location ~* .*\.(jpg|jepg|gif|png|swf|ico)$ {
    expires 30d;
}

#location /static {}

    location ~ \.(jsp|jspx|do)?$ {
  proxy_set_header HOST $host;  
      proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;  
  proxy_pass http://mynginx;
    }

location / {
  proxy_set_header HOST $host;  
      proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;  
  proxy_pass http://mynginx;
    }

    #error_page  404              /404.html;

    # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
    #
    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
    location = /50x.html {
        root   html;
    }

    # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
    #}

    # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    root           html;
    #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
    #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
    #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
    #    include        fastcgi_params;
    #}

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /\.ht {
    #    deny  all;
    #}
}


# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
#    listen       8000;
#    listen       somename:8080;
#    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

#    location / {
#        root   html;
#        index  index.html index.htm;
#    }
#}


# HTTPS server
#
#server {
#    listen       443 ssl;
#    server_name  localhost;

#    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
#    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

#    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
#    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

#    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
#    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

#    location / {
#        root   html;
#        index  index.html index.htm;
#    }
#}

}

四、日志的管理

我们观察nginx的server段,可以看到如下类似信息

#access_log logs/host.access.log main;

这说明 该server, 它的访问日志的文件是 logs/host.access.log ,使用的格式”main”格式.除了main格式,你可以自定义其他格式.

main格式是什么?


log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

main格式是我们定义好一种日志的格式,并起个名字,便于引用.

以上面的例子, main类型的日志,记录的 remote_addr…. http_x_forwarded_for等选项.

1: 日志格式 是指记录哪些选项
默认的日志格式: main
log_format main ‘$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] “$request” ’
$status $body_bytes_sent “$http_referer” ’
‘”$http_user_agent” “$http_x_forwarded_for”’;

如默认的main日志格式,记录这么几项
远程IP- 远程用户/用户时间 请求方法(如GET/POST) 请求体body长度 referer来源信息
http-user-agent用户代理/蜘蛛 ,被转发的请求的原始IP

http_x_forwarded_for:在经过代理时,代理把你的本来IP加在此头信息中,传输你的原始IP

2: 声明一个独特的log_format并命名

log_format  mylog '$remote_addr- "$request" '
                 '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

在下面的server/location,我们就可以引用 mylog

在server段中,这样来声明
Nginx允许针对不同的server做不同的Log ,(有的web服务器不支持,如lighttp)

access_log logs/access_8080.log mylog;
声明log log位置 log格式;

实际应用: shell+定时任务+nginx信号管理,完成日志按日期存储
分析思路:
凌晨00:00:01,把昨天的日志重命名,放在相应的目录下
再USR1信息号控制nginx重新生成新的日志文件

具体脚本:

!/bin/bash

base_path=’/usr/local/nginx/logs’
log_path=$(date -d yesterday +”%Y%m”)
day=$(date -d yesterday +”%d”)
mkdir -p $base_path/$log_path
mv $base_path/access.log $base_path/$log_path/access_$day.log
$base_path/$log_path/access_$day.log
kill -USR1 cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid

定时任务
Crontab 编辑定时任务
输入crontab -e,添加一行信息
01 00 * * * /xxx/path/b.sh 每天0时1分(建议在02-04点之间,系统负载小)

相关标签: nginx