【服务器】Nginx

下载

brew install nginx

/usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf （配置文件路径）
/usr/local/var/www （服务器默认路径）
/usr/local/Cellar/nginx/1.8.0 （安装路径）

A CA file has been bootstrapped using certificates from the SystemRoots
keychain. To add additional certificates (e.g. the certificates added in
the System keychain), place .pem files in
  /usr/local/etc/openssl/certs

and run
  /usr/local/opt/openssl/bin/c_rehash

openssl is keg-only, which means it was not symlinked into /usr/local,
because Apple has deprecated use of OpenSSL in favor of its own TLS and crypto libraries.

If you need to have openssl first in your PATH run:
  echo 'export PATH="/usr/local/opt/openssl/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile

For compilers to find openssl you may need to set:
  export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib"
  export CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include"

==> nginx
Docroot is: /usr/local/var/www

The default port has been set in /usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf to 8080 so that
nginx can run without sudo.

nginx will load all files in /usr/local/etc/nginx/servers/.

To have launchd start nginx now and restart at login:
  brew services start nginx
Or, if you don't want/need a background service you can just run:
  nginx
-MacBook-Air:~ xxxx$ brew services start nginx

默认端口：http://localhost:8080/

Nginx默认安装端口为8080；
端口修改方式：打开/usr/local/etc/nginx 发现里面有一个nginx.conf文件,更改默认的listen:8080为新端口号，重启nginx即可；

nginx.conf：

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       8080;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}
    include servers/*;
}

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nginx upstream模块：负载均衡

upstream模块相关说明
1、upstream模块应放于nginx.conf配置的http{}标签内
2、upstream模块默认算法是wrr (权重轮询 weighted round-robin)

一、分配方式
Nginx的upstream支持5种分配方式，下面将会详细介绍，其中前三种为Nginx原生支持的分配方式，后两种为第三方支持的分配方式。

1、轮询（原生）
轮询是upstream的默认分配方式，即每个请求按照时间顺序轮流分配到不同的后端服务器，如果某个后端服务器down掉后，能自动剔除。

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.101:8888;
    server 192.168.1.102:8888;
    server 192.168.1.103:8888;
}

2、权重值 weight（原生）
轮询的加强版，即可以指定轮询比率，weight和访问几率成正比，主要应用于后端服务器异质的场景下。

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.101 weight=1;
    server 192.168.1.102 weight=2;
    server 192.168.1.103 weight=3;
}

3、ip_hash （原生）
每个请求按照访问ip（即Nginx的前置服务器或者客户端IP）的hash结果分配，这样每个访客会固定访问一个后端服务器，可以解决session一致问题。

upstream backend {
    ip_hash;
    server 192.168.1.101:7777;
    server 192.168.1.102:8888;
    server 192.168.1.103:9999;
}

注意：
1、当负载调度算法为ip_hash时，后端服务器在负载均衡调度中的状态不能是weight和backup。
2、导致负载不均衡。

4、fair（第三方支持）
fair顾名思义，公平地按照后端服务器的响应时间（rt）来分配请求，响应时间短即rt小的后端服务器优先分配请求。如果需要使用这种调度算法，必须下载Nginx的upstr_fair模块。

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.101;
    server 192.168.1.102;
    server 192.168.1.103;
    fair;
}

5、url_hash，目前用consistent_hash替代url_hash（第三方支持）
与ip_hash类似，但是按照访问url的hash结果来分配请求，使得每个url定向到同一个后端服务器，主要应用于后端服务器为缓存时的场景下。

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.101;
    server 192.168.1.102;
    server 192.168.1.103;
    hash $request_uri;
    hash_method crc32;
}

其中，hash_method为使用的hash算法，需要注意的是：此时，server语句中不能加weight等参数。
提示：url_hash用途cache服务业务，memcached，squid，varnish。特点：每个rs都是不同的。

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