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AJAX 请求数据

程序员文章站 2022-03-09 22:17:09
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AJAX简介:

 asynchronouse  javascript and xml 

1.为什么要用ajax??

 异步操作,发送了一个异步的request,这时用户不用等待 ,可以进行后续的操作,能更大限度的提升用户体验度       特点: 返回一张页面的局部内容  异步刷新

 2.简单使用步骤:

 1.获取对象 

        Firefox

          var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

        IE

        * var xhr = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");

          var xhr = new ActiveXObject("MSXML2.5.0.XMLHTTP");

          var xhr = new ActiveXObject("MSXML2.4.0.XMLHTTP");

2.重要属性

   xhr.readyState 数字类型的属性,浏览器为这个属性赋值

           0 xhr初始化 (未连接)

           1 xhr发送请求 (建立连接)

           2 xhr|Servlet接受到请求 (协议头已接收)

           3 Servlet提供response的时候  (正在接收协议体)

           4 response到达html页面时候  (完成)

   xhr.status 服务器返回的http协议号

           200 正常返回的状态码

           404

           500

  *** 事件

     xhr.onreadystatechange=function(){

             if(xhr.readyState==4&&xhr.status==200){

                //代码块

             }

           }

3.方法

  xhr.open("POST|GET",url,(是否异步true)) 建立连接

  xhr.send();   传输数据

 

 ajax使用:

   1.获取对象

   2.建立连接发送请求

   3.获得服务器返回的结果

   4.处理结果

 开发过程:

   1.服务器端程序

   2.页面脚本

     1)创建对象

     2)设置监听函数

     3)处理请求

   3.获取相应的属性:

  xhr.responseXML - DOM对象

        获得服务器返回的xml数据

        服务器必须设置: response.setContentType("text/xml")

  xhr.responseText

    $(span).innerHTML=xhr.responseText;

   

   

  多次执行ajax请求,怎么解决浏览器缓存的问题?(IE问题比较严重)

   1.改变请求路径

   get方式:

   xhr.open("get","show?r="+Math.random());

   post方式:

   xhr.send(path+"&r="+Math.random());

   2.在服务器端程序中,要求浏览器不缓存数据

   response.setHeader("cache-control","no-cache");

   //清空浏览器缓存

   response.setHeader("progma", "no-cache");

   response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");

   response.setDateHeader("Expires", 0);  

 ===================

封装ajaxUtil

var Ajax = {   

                createXHR:function(){

                    if(window.XMLHttpRequest){

                      var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

                      return xhr;

                    }else if(window.ActiveXObject){

                      var xhr = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");

                      return xhr;

                    }

                 },

                 sendRequest:function(method,url,data,callback){

                    var xhr = this.createXHR();

                    xhr.open(method,url);

                    if(method=="GET"){

                      xhr.send(null);

                    }else if(method=="POST"){

                      xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

                      xhr.send(data);

                    }

                    xhr.onreadystatechange=function(){

                      if(xhr.readyState==4&&xhr.status==200){

                          var p = {

                                    text:xhr.responseText,

                                    xml:xhr.responseXML

                                  }

                          callback(p);

                      }

                    }

                 }

               };

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

简单例子:

 

/**

 * 用户名验证举例

 * reg1.html 常规写法

 * reg2.html 用到了封装好的ajaxUtil.js

 */

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;

 

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

 

public class CheckServlet extends HttpServlet {

   protected void service(HttpServletRequest request,

         HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

 

      request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");

 

      // 清空浏览器缓存

      response.setHeader("progma", "no-cache");

      response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");

      response.setDateHeader("Expires", 0);

 

      // 接收表单数据

      String name = request.getParameter("name");

        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();   

     

        // 连接数据库处理

      // biz--dao

      if("jim".equals(name)){

         out.println("username is registered");  

      }else{

         out.println("username is ok ");

      }

           

      out.close();

     

     

   }

}
 

Html代码:

reg1.html

<html> 

   <head>

     <script  type="text/javascript">

       function $(tagId){

         return document.getElementById(tagId);

       }

      

       function checkUserName(){

         var name = $("nameId").value;

         var xhr ;

         if(window.XMLHttpRequest){

            xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

         }else if(window.ActiveXObject){

            xhr = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");

         }

         xhr.open("GET","/ajax/check?name="+name);

            xhr.send(null);

            xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){

               if(xhr.readyState==4&&xhr.status==200){

                 var ret = xhr.responseText;

                  var span = $("msgId");

                  span.innerHTML = "<font color='red'>"+ret+"</font>" ;

               }

            } 

       }

     </script>

     

   </head>

   <body>

      <h1>User Register</h1>

      <table>

         <tbody>

            <tr>

               <td>User Name</td>

               <td><input type="text" id="nameId" name="name" onblur="checkUserName();"/>

                  <span id="msgId"></span>

               </td>

            </tr>

            <tr>

               <td>Password</td>

               <td><input type="password" name="pwd"/></td>

            </tr>                                      

            <tr>

               <td>confirm </td>

               <td><input type="password"/></td>

            </tr>                            

            <tr>

               <td>email</td>

               <td><input type="text"/></td>

            </tr>  

            <tr>

               <td>phone:</td>

               <td><input type="text" maxlength="9"/></td>

            </tr>     

            <tr>

               <td colspan="2">

                  <input type="button" value="user register" /> 

               </td>

            </tr>

         </tbody>

      </table>

   </body>

</html>

reg2.html

 

<html> 

   <head>

     <script  type="text/javascript" src="ajaxUtils.js"></script>

     <script  type="text/javascript">

       function $(tagId){

         return document.getElementById(tagId);

       }

      

       function checkUserName(){

         var name = $("nameId").value;

         Ajax.sendRequest("POST","/ajax/check","name="+name,cb);

       }

      

       function cb(c){

          var ret = c.text;

          var span = $("msgId");

          //innerHTML作用 方便往标签中增加内容

          span.innerHTML = "<font color='red'>"+ret+"</font>" ;

       }

     </script>

     

   </head>

   <body>

      <h1>User Register</h1>

      <table>

         <tbody>

            <tr>

               <td>User Name</td>

               <td><input type="text" id="nameId" name="name" onblur="checkUserName();"/>

                  <span id="msgId"></span>

               </td>

            </tr>

            <tr>

               <td>Password</td>

               <td><input type="password" name="pwd"/></td>

            </tr>                                     

            <tr>

               <td>confirm </td>

               <td><input type="password"/></td>

            </tr>                            

            <tr>

               <td>email</td>

               <td><input type="text"/></td>

            </tr>  

            <tr>

               <td>phone:</td>

               <td><input type="text" maxlength="9"/></td>

            </tr>     

            <tr>

               <td colspan="2">

                  <input type="button" value="user register" /> 

               </td>

            </tr>

         </tbody>

      </table>

   </body>

</html>

Xml代码:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="2.5"

   xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"

   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

   xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee

   http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">

  

  

      <servlet>

      <servlet-name>CheckServlet</servlet-name>

      <servlet-class>web.CheckServlet</servlet-class>

   </servlet>

 

   <servlet-mapping>

      <servlet-name>CheckServlet</servlet-name>

      <url-pattern>/check</url-pattern>

   </servlet-mapping>

     

</web-app>
  验证:

http://localhost:8080/ajax/reg2.html

 附:Ajax简易封装工具类ajaxUtil.js

var Ajax = {    createXHR:function(){

                    if(window.XMLHttpRequest){

                      var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

                      return xhr;

                    }else if(window.ActiveXObject){

                      var xhr = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");

                      return xhr;

                    }

                 },

                 sendRequest:function(method,url,data,callback){

                    var xhr = this.createXHR();

                    xhr.open(method,url);

                    if(method=="GET"){

                      xhr.send(null);

                    }else if(method=="POST"){

                      xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

                      xhr.send(data);

                    }

                    xhr.onreadystatechange=function(){

                      if(xhr.readyState==4&&xhr.status==200){

                          var p = {

                                    text:xhr.responseText,

                                    xml:xhr.responseXML

                                  }

                          callback(p);

                      }

                    }

                 }

               };

 

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/u/564141/blog/164217