with XXX as XXX:
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2022-06-02 18:36:14
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转载:https://www.cnblogs.com/DswCnblog/p/6126588.html
1.with如何工作?
这看起来充满魔法,但不仅仅是魔法,Python对with的处理还很聪明。基本思想是with所求值的对象必须有一个__enter__()方法,一个__exit__()方法。
紧跟with后面的语句被求值后,返回对象的enter()方法被调用,这个方法的返回值将被赋值给as后面的变量。当with后面的代码块全部被执行完之后,将调用前面返回对象的exit()方法。
下面例子可以具体说明with如何工作:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# with_example01.py
class Sample:
def __enter__(self):
print "In __enter__()"
return "Foo"
def __exit__(self, type, value, trace):
print "In __exit__()"
def get_sample():
return Sample()
with get_sample() as sample:
print "sample:", sample
输出如下:
In __enter__()
sample: Foo
In __exit__()
正如你看到的,
- __enter__()方法被执行
- __enter__()方法返回的值 - 这个例子中是"Foo",赋值给变量'sample'
- 执行代码块,打印变量"sample"的值为 "Foo"
- __exit__()方法被调用
with真正强大之处是它可以处理异常。可能你已经注意到Sample类的__exit__方法有三个参数- val, type 和 trace。 这些参数在异常处理中相当有用。我们来改一下代码,看看具体如何工作的。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# with_example02.py
class Sample:
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, type, value, trace):
print "type:", type
print "value:", value
print "trace:", trace
def do_something(self):
bar = 1/0
return bar + 10
with Sample() as sample:
sample.do_something()
bash-3.2$ ./with_example02.py
type: <type 'exceptions.ZeroDivisionError'>
value: integer division or modulo by zero
trace: <traceback object at 0x1004a8128>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./with_example02.py", line 19, in <module>
sample.do_something()
File "./with_example02.py", line 15, in do_something
bar = 1/0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
### 下面是在PyCharm中运行结果
E:\App\py_workspace\venv\Scripts\python.exe E:/App/py_workspace/dddd.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
type: <type 'exceptions.ZeroDivisionError'>
File "E:/App/py_workspace/dddd.py", line 19, in <module>
value: integer division or modulo by zero
sample.do_something()
trace: <traceback object at 0x0000000005AD6288>
File "E:/App/py_workspace/dddd.py", line 14, in do_something
bar = 1 / 0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
实际上,在with后面的代码块抛出任何异常时,__exit__()方法被执行。正如例子所示,异常抛出时,与之关联的type,value和stack trace传给__exit__()方法,因此抛出的ZeroDivisionError异常被打印出来了。开发库时,清理资源,关闭文件等等操作,都可以放在__exit__方法当中。
因此,Python的with语句是提供一个有效的机制,让代码更简练,同时在异常产生时,清理工作更简单。
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