欢迎您访问程序员文章站本站旨在为大家提供分享程序员计算机编程知识!
您现在的位置是: 首页

【数据库】 InnoDB的锁机制

程序员文章站 2022-06-02 08:56:37
...

本文内容:

  • Innodb锁机制

回顾

数据库使用锁是为了支持更好的并发,提供数据的完整性和一致性。InnoDB是一个支持行锁的存储引擎,锁的类型有:共享锁(S)、排他锁(X)、意向共享(IS)、意向排他(IX)。为了提供更好的并发,InnoDB提供了非锁定读:不需要等待访问行上的锁释放,读取行的一个快照。该方法是通过InnoDB的一个特性:MVCC来实现的。

Innodb 的行锁是在有索引的情况下


锁算法

InnoDB有三种行锁的算法:

1、Record Lock:单个行记录上的锁。

2、Gap Lock:间隙锁,锁定一个范围,但不包括记录本身。GAP锁的目的,是为了防止同一事务的两次当前读,出现幻读的情况。

3、Next-Key Lock:1+2,锁定一个范围,并且锁定记录本身 对于行的查询,都是采用该方法,主要目的是解决幻读的问题。

Record Lock 总是会去锁住索引记录,如果InnoDB存储引擎表在建立的时候没有设置索引,那么这时会使用隐式的主键来进行锁定。


测试一:默认RR隔离级别

[email protected] : test 10:56:10>create table t(a int,key idx_a(a))engine =innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)

[email protected] : test 10:56:13>insert into t values(1),(3),(5),(8),(11);
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

[email protected] : test 10:56:15>select * from t;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    3 |
|    5 |
|    8 |
|   11 |
+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

section A:

[email protected] : test 10:56:27>start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 10:56:29>select * from t where a = 8 for update;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    8 |
+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)


section B:
[email protected] : test 10:54:50>begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 10:56:51>select * from t;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    3 |
|    5 |
|    8 |
|   11 |
+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 10:56:54>insert into t values(2);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 10:57:01>insert into t values(4);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

++++++++++
[email protected] : test 10:57:04>insert into t values(5);

[email protected] : test 10:57:11>insert into t values(7);

[email protected] : test 10:57:15>insert into t values(9);

[email protected] : test 10:57:33>insert into t values(10);
++++++++++
上面全被锁住,阻塞住了

[email protected] : test 10:57:39>insert into t values(11);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

分析:

因为InnoDB对于行的查询都是采用了Next-Key Lock的算法,锁定的不是单个值,而是一个范围(GAP)。上面索引值有1,3,5,8,11,其记录的GAP的区间如下:是一个左开右闭的空间(原因是默认主键的有序自增的特性,结合后面的例子说明)

(-∞,1],(1,3],(3,5],(5,8],(8,11],(11,+∞)

该SQL语句锁定的范围是(5,8],下个键值范围是(8,11],所以插入5~11之间的值的时候都会被锁定,要求等待。即:插入5,6,7,8,9,10 会被锁住。插入非这个范围内的值都正常。

因为例子里没有主键,所以要用隐藏的ROWID来代替,数据根据Rowid进行排序。而Rowid是有一定顺序的(自增),所以其中11可以被写入,5不能被写入


测试一:默认RR隔离级别(有主键的情况,但操作并没有使用主键索引,仍使用Next-Key Lock)(可与最后一个测试对比)

会话1:
01:43:07>create table t(id int,name varchar(10),key idx_id(id),primary key(name))engine =innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

01:43:11>insert into t values(1,'a'),(3,'c'),(5,'e'),(8,'g'),(11,'j');                                                                               
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

01:44:03>select @@global.tx_isolation, @@tx_isolation;                                                                                                 +-----------------------+-----------------+
| @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation  |
+-----------------------+-----------------+
| REPEATABLE-READ       | REPEATABLE-READ |
+-----------------------+-----------------+
row in set (0.01 sec)

01:44:58>select * from t;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | a    |
|    3 | c    |
|    5 | e    |
|    8 | g    |
|   11 | j    |
+------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

01:45:07>start transaction;              

01:45:09>delete from t where id=8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)


会话2:
01:50:38>select @@global.tx_isolation, @@tx_isolation;
+-----------------------+-----------------+
| @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation  |
+-----------------------+-----------------+
| REPEATABLE-READ       | REPEATABLE-READ |
+-----------------------+-----------------+
row in set (0.01 sec)

01:50:48>start transaction; 

01:50:51>select * from t;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | a    |
|    3 | c    |
|    5 | e    |
|    8 | g    |
|   11 | j    |
+------+------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

01:51:35>insert into t(id,name) values(6,'f');
^CCtrl-C -- sending "KILL QUERY 9851" to server ...
Ctrl-C -- query aborted.
ERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted

01:53:32>insert into t(id,name) values(5,'e1');
^CCtrl-C -- sending "KILL QUERY 9851" to server ...
Ctrl-C -- query aborted.
ERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted

01:53:41>insert into t(id,name) values(7,'h');
^CCtrl-C -- sending "KILL QUERY 9851" to server ...
Ctrl-C -- query aborted.
ERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted

01:54:43>insert into t(id,name) values(8,'gg');
^CCtrl-C -- sending "KILL QUERY 9851" to server ...
Ctrl-C -- query aborted.
ERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted

01:55:10>insert into t(id,name) values(9,'k');
^CCtrl-C -- sending "KILL QUERY 9851" to server ...
Ctrl-C -- query aborted.
ERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted

01:55:23>insert into t(id,name) values(10,'p');
^CCtrl-C -- sending "KILL QUERY 9851" to server ...
Ctrl-C -- query aborted.
ERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted

01:55:33>insert into t(id,name) values(11,'iz');
^CCtrl-C -- sending "KILL QUERY 9851" to server ...
Ctrl-C -- query aborted.
ERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted

#########上面看到 id:5,6,7,8,9,10,11都被锁了。

#########下面看到 id:5,11 还是可以插入的
01:54:33>insert into t(id,name) values(5,'cz');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

01:55:59>insert into t(id,name) values(11,'ja');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

分析:因为会话1已经对id=8的记录加了一个X锁,由于是RR隔离级别,INNODB要防止幻读需要加GAP锁:即id=5(8的左边),id=11(8的右边)之间需要加间隙锁(GAP)。这样[5,e]和[8,g],[8,g]和[11,j]之间的数据都要被锁。上面测试已经验证了这一点,根据索引的有序性,数据按照主键(name)排序,后面写入的[5,cz]([5,e]的左边)和[11,ja]([11,j]的右边)不属于上面的范围从而可以写入。


继续:插入超时失败后,会怎么样?

超时时间的参数:innodb_lock_wait_timeout ,默认是50秒。
超时是否回滚参数:innodb_rollback_on_timeout 默认是OFF。

section A:

[email protected] : test 04:48:51>start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 04:48:53>select * from t where a = 8 for update;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    8 |
+------+
row in set (0.01 sec)


section B:

[email protected] : test 04:49:04>start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 04:49:07>insert into t values(12);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 04:49:13>insert into t values(10);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
[email protected] : test 04:50:06>select * from t;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    3 |
|    5 |
|    8 |
|   11 |
|   12 |
+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

经过测试,不会回滚超时引发的异常,当参数innodb_rollback_on_timeout 设置成ON时,则可以回滚,会把插进去的12回滚掉。

默认情况下,InnoDB存储引擎不会回滚超时引发的异常,除死锁外。


测试二:当查询的索引有唯一属性

[email protected] : test 04:58:49>create table t(a int primary key)engine =innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)

[email protected] : test 04:59:02>insert into t values(1),(3),(5),(8),(11);
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

[email protected] : test 04:59:10>select * from t;
+----+
| a  |
+----+
|  1 |
|  3 |
|  5 |
|  8 |
| 11 |
+----+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

section A:

[email protected] : test 04:59:30>start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 04:59:33>select * from t where a = 8 for update;
+---+
| a |
+---+
| 8 |
+---+
row in set (0.00 sec)

section B:

[email protected] : test 04:58:41>start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 04:59:45>insert into t values(6);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 05:00:05>insert into t values(7);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 05:00:08>insert into t values(9);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

[email protected] : test 05:00:10>insert into t values(10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

问题:

为什么section B上面的插入语句可以正常,和测试一不一样?

分析:

因为InnoDB对于行的查询都是采用了Next-Key Lock的算法,锁定的不是单个值,而是一个范围,按照这个方法是会和第一次测试结果一样。但是,当查询的索引含有唯一属性的时候,Next-Key Lock 会进行优化,将其降级为Record Lock,即仅锁住索引本身,不是范围。(亲测,使用了组合索引,其中包含主键索引,也会降级)

注意:通过主键或者唯一索引来锁定不存在的值,也会产生GAP锁定。


关闭gap lock

1:把事务隔离级别改成:Read Committed
2:修改参数:innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog 设置为1。